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tMIEU »IaIE> OF AXir.Ii a 






STUDIES 



OF THE 



ESSEX FLOEA 



An Enumeration of all Plants found Growing 

Naturally within the Limits of Lynn, Mass., 

and Towns adjoining; with Notes 

as to Localities and Habits. 



/ 



CYRUS MASON TRACY. 
h 



; l n a 



; ' 



LYNN, MASS. 

THE NICHOLS PRESS — THOS. P. NICHOLS. 

1892. 






Copyright, 1892, by 
Susan E. Tracy, Lynn, Mass. 



Qebxcatxon. 



In sweet memory of 

LONG WALKS THROUGH FERN-LINED PATHS, 

OF FLOWER-LORE TAUGHT IN COOL SHADOWS, 

AND IN 

RICH ANTICIPATION OF FUTURE STUDY IN FAIRER FIELDS, 

THIS SECOND EDITION OF THE AUTHOR'S STUDIES 

IS SENT FORTH BY 

HIS CHILDREN. 



PREFACE. 



During all the intervening years between the first publication 
of these studies and the present edition, it was the strict habit 
of the author to note every new discovery, every change in 
locality, preparatory to a second issue. These notes were 
written in a close hand, crowded into the uncut margin of an old 
copy. About two weeks previous to Mr, Tracy's death he 
decided on immediate publication. Feeling incompetent to 
undertake the classification of the Grasses and Sedges, he opened 
correspondence with several, hoping to find among them one to 
whom he could trust this part of the work; finding no one 
giving satisfaction he began the preparation of the manuscript, 
and had written all the headings, carrying them through the 
Endogens; how much further he had decided to carry the work 
alone we are ignorant; we have chosen, however, to leave it 
where he left it rather than that another should add work, 
perhaps of a far different character. 

This explanation will make plain our reason in bringing out 
first a book requiring re-writing rather than one of the many 
already prepared. It was first in his thought and plan, therefore 
first in our execution. 

S. E. T. 

Ly?in, March ig, i8q2. 



ERRATA. 



Page 25 for Cardimine, read " Cardamine." 

32 for Celastrus scandeus, read " scandens." 

38 for Amelanchiar, read " Amelanchier. " 

39 for Ludwigea, r^rtrf " Ludwigia." 
41 for Saxafrids, Saxafrage, read "Saxifrids, Saxifrage." 

43 for Canium, read " Comium." 

44 /or Turritus, read " Turritis." 
48 for Rosens, razrf " Roseus." 
57 /<?r Galutheria, r^«<i " Gaultheria ;" Azalea, "Azalia. " 

66 for Echinospernum, read " Echinospermum." 

67 /<?r Solonum, r^a? "Solanum." 
70 for Ameranthus, read "Amaranthus." 
74 for Q.bicolar, read " bicolor." 
80 /<?r Alisma, r^arf "Alisima." 



Spotted Spurge, 
Milk Purslane. 



Page 73 after E. polygonifolia, insert 

E. maculata. L. 

Common. A flourishing weed in most gardens. 
Perhaps the only native species in this vicinity. 



Short-spiked 
Pondweed. 



Page 79 after P. natans, insert 

P. hybridus. Michx. 
Occasional. Still, clear waters. 



but the practical botanist seems, for the most part, to have pre- 



INTRODUCTION 



No one who has followed rare old Gilbert White through his 
Natural History of Selborne, who has read the History of the 
Bass Rock, or the later volumes of Thoreau, 

" Tasting of Flora and the country green," 

will ask for any labored reason why this little work has been 
undertaken. Those authors have abundantly shown the pleasant 
and entertaining nature of local research and description ; and 
we only need look to the enduring reputation of the Florula 
Bosto?iiensis, as a practical work, to complete the argument, and 
assure us of the sufficiency of a limited territory to furnish mate- 
rial for profitable thought for a long period of time. 

To Essex County, Mass., may be applied the full force of the 
remark of Bigelow, that " the Flora of any considerable section 
of our territory may furnish full occupation for years." It has 
been the scene of the pioneer labors of Cutler and the thorough 
operations of Oakes ; it has given employment by turns to the 
scrutinizing eyes of Osgood, Nichols and Russell, as well as 
many others ; yet not a few of the localities of this small dis- 
trict seem to remain comparatively unexplored. 

The southwestern corner of the County, occupied by the 
townships of Lynn, Saugus, Lynnfield, Swampscott and Nahant, 
the present separated fragments of ancient Lynn, would appear 
to be one of the more neglected of these portions. Those who 
love pleasant and finely-toned scenery have often found much 
satisfaction in this vicinity, and the culler of choice old histories 
and romantic legends has long esteemed it a productive field ; 
but the practical botanist seems, for the most part, to have pre- 



PREFACE. 



During all the intervening years between the first publication 
of these studies and the present edition, it was the strict habit 
of the author to note every new discovery, every change in 
locality, preparatory to a second issue. These notes were 
written in a close hand, crowded into the uncut margin of an old 
copy. About two weeks previous to Mr. Tracy's death he 
decided on immediate publication. Feeling incompetent to 
undertake the classification of the Grasses and Sedges, he opened 
correspondence with several, hoping to find among them one to 
whom he could trust this part of the work; finding no one 
giving satisfaction he began the preparation of the manuscript, 
and had written all the headings, carrying them through the 
Endogens ; how much further he had decided to carry the work 
alone we are ignorant; we have chosen, however, to leave it 
where he left it rather than that another should add work, 
perhaps of a far different character. 

This explanation will make plain our reason in bringing out 
first a book requiring re-writing rather than one of the many 
already prepared. It was first in his thought and plan, therefore 
first in our execution. 

S. E. T. 

Lynn, March iq, 1892. 



ERRATA 



Page 25 for Cardimine, read "Cardamine." 

" 32 for Celastrus scandeus, read " scandens." 

38 for Amelanchiar, read " Amelanchier. " 

" 39 for Ludwigea, read " Ludwigia." 

" 41 /or Saxafrids, Saxafrage, r^^rf " Saxifrids, Saxifrage. 

" 43 /<?r Canium, read " Comium." 

" 44 /or Turritus, rm^ " Turritis." 

48 for Rosens, r^«<^ " Roseus." 

" 57 /or Galutheria, read " Gaultheria ;" Azalea, "Azalia. 

" 66 /or Echinospernum, raz<f " Echinospermum." 

" 67 for Solonum, read "Solarium." 

70 for Ameranthus, read "Amaranthus." 

" 74 for Q.bicolar, read " bicolor." 

" 80 for Alisma, read "Alisima." 



Spotted Spurge, 
Milk Purslane. 



Page 73 after E. polygonifolia, insert 

E. maculata. L. 

Common. A flourishing weed in most gardens. 
Perhaps the only native species in this vicinity. 



Short-spiked 
Pondweed. 



Page 79 after P. natans, insert 

P. hybridus. Michx. 
Occasional. Still, clear waters. 



INTRODUCTION 



No one who has followed rare old Gilbert White through his 
Natural History of Selborne, who has read the History of the 
Bass Rock, or the later volumes of Thoreau, 

" Tasting of Flora and the country green," 

will ask for any labored reason why this little work has been 
undertaken. Those authors have abundantly shown the pleasant 
and entertaining nature of local research and description ; and 
we only need look to the enduring reputation of the Florula 
Bostoniensis, as a practical work, to complete the argument, and 
assure us of the sufficiency of a limited territory to furnish mate- 
rial for profitable thought for a long period of time. 

To Essex County, Mass., may be applied the full force of the 
remark of Bigelow, that " the Flora of any considerable section 
of our territory may furnish full occupation for years." It has 
been the scene of the pioneer labors of Cutler and the thorough 
operations of Oakes ; it has given employment by turns to the 
scrutinizing eyes of Osgood, Nichols and Russell, as well as 
many others ; yet not a few of the localities of this small dis- 
trict seem to remain comparatively unexplored. 

The southwestern corner of the County, occupied by the 
townships of Lynn, Saugus, Lynnfield, Swampscott and Nahant, 
the present separated fragments of ancient Lynn, would appear 
to be one of the more neglected of these portions. Those who 
love pleasant and finely-toned scenery have often found much 
satisfaction in this vicinity, and the culler of choice old histories 
and romantic legends has long esteemed it a productive field ; 
but the practical botanist seems, for the most part, to have pre- 



6 

ferred to explore the vegetation of Cape Ann, to turn his pil- 
grimage to the White Mountains, or drive his hunt through the 
woods of Middlesex or the meadows of Plymouth, rather than 
believe that a district so near the metropolis might contain some 
things worth looking for. There would, perhaps, be no pro- 
priety in saying that these other sections are not, any of them, 
very much superior in natural riches to this ; but I strongly sus- 
pect that the study of the flora, which is the subject of this work, 
may reveal phenomena and peculiarities of vegetation, calcu- 
lated to interest even an adept. 

A rather striking diversity, both in geological and botanical 
productions, appears in the territory under notice. 

From the western part of Swampscott an extensive formation 
of porphyry begins, and sweeping its northern limit along a 
gently-curving line, follows the valley occupied by the well- 
known " Lakes of Lynn " as far as the Sluice Pond, thence 
traverses the township of Lynn through its center, very nearly, 
and by a direction not far from east and west ; then, passing the 
valley of Saugus River, in the neighborhood of Pranker's Fac- 
tories, trends gradually to the southwest and is lost in the hills 
of Maiden and Medford. South of this line there is hardly any- 
thing but porphyry to be found in place ; to the north there is 
next to none of it, but the region has all the usual characteristics 
of one which rests almost wholly on granite. 

As any one versed in the subject of natural scenery might ex- 
pect, the aspects of these two divisions of country are widely 
different. In the southerly or seaboard portion, the bold emi- 
nences of High Rock, Sadler's Rock, Lover's Leap, Forest Rock, 
and others, well exemplify the prominent traits of the porphyry ; 
hard, stern and precipitous on the southern side in almost every 
case, looking with inflexible front toward the sea, as if they were 
the stout old knights that in ancient time had driven back the 
onset of its marauding waters ; and on the north as uniformly 
smoothed and rounded, shelving back with a gentle slope, and 
sinking in the yellow soil of the hills. 

The northern section, so far as it is embraced within the 
boundaries of Lynn, forms one spacious common forest, known 
as the Ox Pasture ; a district where Nature seems to have 
dallied long and wondrously with the giants of the age of granite. 



Long, deep and solid ledges furnish block after block to reward 
the patience of the quarrymen; and here and there their gaping 
pits in the hillsides afford a partial sight into one of the many 
caskets in which New England stores her jewels. But older and 
sturdier quarriers have wrought here, — the stupendous crush, 
and jar, and rend of the drift period have seemingly tossed the 
fragments, of hundreds of tons weight, like footballs, leaving 
them in some instances perched on the brink of precipices, in 
what would appear the most unstable attitudes, or again, scatter- 
ing them over the hill-slopes, small and great together, 



Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks, 
In Vallambrosa." 



The chemist avers that to cultivate any crop successfully in 
the field, a studied adaption of the soil to the particular plant in 
view must ever be made. The converse of this rule would in- 
dicate that special characters existing naturally in a soil should 
give corresponding differences in the kind and style of vegeta- 
tion which it produces. If I wished for an illustration of this 
idea, I could hardly find a better case than appears in the two 
formations under notice. 

In passing through Lynn Woods it is not difficult to detect, 
even with small experience, the exact line of junction of the 
granite and porphyry, within a few rods, by the style of vegetation 
alone. A few examples will make this more definite. 

On the rocky pasture hills that immediately overlook the city 
of Lynn, the Barberry starts in unrestrained abundance, the 
Privet adorns whole acres in early summer with its little clusters 
of snowy flowers, and the Pitch Pine and Red Cedar assert their 
right to the land with the vigor of feudal barons. When we pass 
northward over this natural mark, the Privet disappears almost 
entirely, the Barberry becomes the exception instead of the rule, 
the Cedars are scarce and the multitudes of Pitch Pine are only 
represented by a few stragglers. To replace them, however, the 
Beech, of which only two specimens grow on the porphyry to my 
knowledge, and these I suppose to be artificially located, starts 
up at once almost on the very boundary, and stretches away 
from thence in vigorous condition towards the woods of Lynn- 



field. The Chestnut, that joy of country lads and squirrels, ven- 
tures down into the north of Saugus in commendable strength, 
but cannot cross the enchanted line without the help of man, and 
in cultivation grows slowly and timidly, as if it were ill at ease. 
More remarkable than either, the Black Larch or Hacmatac. 
which. I venture to say, is unknown as a native south of the 
granitic section, is found growing and thriving within fifty rods 
of its margin. The Blue Vervain, the Water Avens. and the 
Mountain Mint, look doubtfully in from the east over the channel 
of Stacy ? s Brook, but effect no further progress, and on the west 
the Knapweed, which revels by the wayside on the Chelsea hills, 
makes no attempt to establish itself on ground from which it is 
so singularly debarred. 

If my enumeration of the plants of Lynn and vicinity serves 
no other purpose than to develop a phenomenon so interesting 
as the above, it will still be far from a vain undertaking. But 
this is by no means all the motive for the enterprise. 

" There is a pleasure in the pathless woods ; 
There is a rapture on the lonely shore." 

To him who loves Nature for her own sake she ever dispenses 
rewards more precious than gold. Botanical pursuits, though 
harmonizing well with activity and energy of temperament, are 
yet potent to soothe and tranquilize the fretted spirit; they have 
all the quieting power which Mudie ascribes to moonlight. I 
do not wonder that the lamented Oakes, disturbed by the dis- 
cordance of the jarring interests and conflicting elements of the 
law, should have taken sanctuary where 

" The groves 'were God/s first temples." 

Moore, when he wrote of the bowers 

'"Where Pleasure lies, carelessly smiling at Fame." 

drew but a very dim outline of that luxurious satisfaction which 
one feels, when, lounging down with his favorite specimens at 
noon, on the grassy banks of some merry little brook, with the 



thousand vertical shadows gamboling among the ferns around 
him, he gives himself up to the full inspiration of the place, and, 
hardly capable of a craving, is but too well satisfied to watch the 
water-spider that dangles in his flimsy web from rush to rush, 
or the greedy emmets that hunt among the grass-blades for the 
crumbs of his slowly-vanishing biscuit. Or, changing the stream 
for the brink of some pond between the hills, his contemplation 
alternates from the swift ripples, that break and mutate like the 
figures in a kaleidoscope, to the upland banks of pleasing con- 
tour, spread with dense verdure and counterwrought in the water 
beneath, or to the soft light and shade that blend through the 
rounded masses of clumps of oak and hickory, or give additional 
life to long lines of " willows by the watercourses." 

But botany in practice is very far from being all indolence. 
There are long jaunts to be taken, where the horse and carriage 
would fare badly and work but ill. There are hills to be climbed 
and tall rocks to be scaled for the prize that hangs its attractions 
from crevices high above reach. There are swamps to be pene- 
trated, where the feet must risk a wetting and mock at mire ; 
and thickets to be searched with as much carefulness as 
though upon a legal warrant, though the proper results of the 
effort may appear when the garments, like the galligaskins in 
the Splendid Shilling, 

"A horrid chasm disclose." 

Yet how little of all this does the mind regard, at such moments 
as I myself have seen, when the end had crowned the work, and 
the object of my search was before me, humble and unpretend- 
ing sometimes, yet often glowing in all the excellence of its floral 
dignity. I well remember a hot and weary day when, late in the 
afternoon, I was coursing with others over the rugged hills and 
crags of Maiden. Tired and thirsty, I was inwardly complaining 
of the toilsome and profitless route, when, leaping down from 
a rough pole-fence, I stood face to face with the most magnifi- 
cent Oak-leaved Gerardia I ever saw. Had the wealth of its 
yellow bells been coined to very gold in my hand, I could have 
felt no higher satisfaction than I had in seeing its four-foot 
stem, crowded with brilliant flowers, swaying to and fro in the 



10 

warm westerly wind, the magic wand to charm away, for the 
time, every thought of fatigue. In a certain summer I had a 
kind of botanical vow, which I kept long inviolate, to let no day 
pass without the determination of at least one new species. I 
was fresh in the study then, and such an idea was nowise absurd. 
But one day had waned until the sun had actually gone down 
on my errantry, which threatened to become night-errantry, sure 
enough. A boggy meadow, often visited before, seemed the only 
available spot, and to it I turned with the resolution of a forlorn 
hope. Fifteen minutes later, had my feet responded to my feel- 
ings, I should have been dancing among the hassocks for the 
discovery of the charming Cymbidium, which I had not seen be- 
fore since I gathered its blushing beauties when a boy, in the 
meadows of Connecticut. 

When I first angled the Purple Bladderwort from its oozy 
couch, and told my comrades that the sight of it was worth a 
dollar, I was only laughed at for my enthusiasm. When I 
found a Corydalis magnificently growing and blooming on the 
slope of Dungeon Rock, and detaching the whole bunch, earth 
and all, carried it home in my arms, that the beautiful specimen 
might not be injured, no one could see any good reason for my 
lugging so much dirt for a few flowers. I was hardly sensitive 
enough on the point to commence an argument : I had gained a 
treasure that flowered all summer for me where I set it ; and long 
before its seeding-time, I had forgotten the wet feet I got in 
Pine Hill Swamp when bringing it home. 

In introducing the list of plants which follows, I would be glad 
to incorporate into it some quality to give it the zest for others 
which the originals have had for me. Vitality of expression and 
the hue of health do not appear in the most perfect statuary; and 
one may read a simple enumeration of vegetable forms, and feel 
nothing of the fresh winds that bend the tree-tops — see nothing 
of the scenic effect of spreading verdure, piled-up masses of fo- 
liage, or hill beyond hill, stretching away through the softening 
gradations of distance. 

This little district has no Merrimac or Hudson sweeping round 
its borders, — no Kearsarge or Wachusett standing for its pro- 
tector ; yet much of the higher and purer delights of open-air 
research, may always be enjoyed in its exploration. There are 



11 

peculiarities in every spot, and this is one where a strong feature 
is seen in the close connection of seaside and wood scenery; 
closer, perhaps, than in most other places. Suppose then, reader, 
we walk down to the shore. You are reading this, probably, 
because you like plants — Nature in vegetative attire — and like 
them well enough, I trust, to go where they grow by means of 
your own powers, not waiting to call for a horse and chaise. To 
Long Beach, then, that rope of sand, but wonderfully durable, 
by which, as the clue of Theseus, the young town of Nahant 
feels its way back now and then to the lap of old Lynn, its 
mother for two centuries. Here, where the grand, long swell 
comes rolling heavily in from the middle deeps of the Atlantic 
and breaks at our feet, like the utterance of great thoughts in 
human language as near as may be, and yet too often misinter- 
preted — here we can stand among rocks thickly fringed with 
dripping seaweeds, or crusted with barnacles and studded with 
creeping shell-fish, and look away to the iron headlands of East 
Point and the Spouting Horn, where the Beach Pea straggles 
among the pebbles and the Pimpernel hangs in the chinks of the 
rock 

" Half way down " 
Like " one that gathers samphire." 

Threading our way eastward along the craggy shore, we may 
thorn our fingers at pleasure with the prickly Saltwort, or treat 
our palates to an equal pungency in the radish-like flavor of the 
Sea-Rocket ; and thus we round the jagged projections, and pass 
the many springs of pure fresh water that bubble up so gener- 
ously within the tide-range, till a bright stream comes dancing 
down to meet us, and we give a hand in greeting to Stacy's 
Brook and the thrifty village of Swampscott at one and the same 
time. 

Such as have not seen Stacy's Brook must not imagine that 
it differs, materially, from other New England rivulets. Like 
them it has its depths and its shallows, its sudden angles and 
smooth reaches, its meadow banks overhung with alders and 
willows, where the mole and muskrat love to mine, and its im- 
pulsive gushings under little road-bridges, where the water goes 
sparkling over red and white pebbles, and the cows come sedate- 



12 

ly down to drink at noon. The stream runs, as you see, reader, 
through open meadows mostly, till we are near a mile from the 
shore, when we find it pressing through a culvert in the heavy 
embankment of the Eastern Railroad, and passing this we are 
at once welcome to the hospitalities of Linnean Grove.* 

The pleasant little copse, whose name hints so strongly at its 
character, has been so christened by the lovers of botany in its 
neighborhood, on account of the variety and peculiarity- of its 
productions. We perceive that it consists entirely of hard- 
wooded trees, partly on upland and partly on low ground, with 
the brook traversing the western margin. Many plants are here 
that we shall find nowhere else in the district, while for many 
others it is the best and most accessible locality. I do not know 
the owner of Linnean Grove. Whoever he is. let him have the 
praise of preserving to us and others one delightful relic of Na- 
ture among the devastations of improvement. May his shadow 
never be less, nor that of his grove. 

Let us go on tracing up the course of the brook. We cross 
Essex Street and find it turning a mill, the only time it is 
pressed into such ignoble service. Above this, it comes lazily 
down through the mossy hollows of Fresh Marsh, where the 
Fringed Gentian and Grass-of-Parnassus love its copious mois- 
ture, and the Arethusas and Cymbidium go. as it were, strolling 
about among the sedgy- grass even to the base of Rocks Pasture, 
••ye Woodende Rocks" of the old records, that rise so sturdily 
on the west. Before us is Gravesend. the Hamlet of the Lakes, 
where the spirit of rural beauty and quietness lingers yet, though 
expelled from almost all the rest of the township. Let us con- 
template it while we may, for Young America rides an iron 
steed, and when we come again we may find the mantle of 
Retirement torn and trampled under his impetuous hoofs. The 
brook betrays its origin here in the Floating-Bridge Pond, long 
reputed bottomless and no doubt of extreme depth in the center. 
but certainly quite shallow toward the southern end. Here we 
may pass out on the low bridge that, bare of romantic arch or 
ivied buttress, lies stretched out on the water as though it were 



* Linnean Grove, together with several other localities mentioned in the 
first edition of these studies, has been sacrificed to the cheap house-builder, 
and can no longer be recognized by the botanist. —Ed. 



13 

the torpid whale of Sinbad, and look down among the leaves of 
the water lilies, or see the Button-bush and Sweet-gale wading 
out into deep water side by side with the pearl hunters, though 
not like those, pulling up the unoffending shell-fish to gratify a 
feverish desire. 

By a short walk northwesterly, we shall reach the Flax Pond, 
or, as it will be found marked on the map, Wenuchus Lake. 
This is by far the finest sheet of water in Lynn, and if we except 
Spring Pond in the edge of Salem, there is nothing superior 
nearer than Lynnfield. Receiving the stream from the other 
ponds on the north, it sends out the perennial current of Straw- 
berry Brook towards the southwest, first through the Bowler 
Swamp, and thence along a charming valley, quite to the western 
line of the city. 

On the eastern side of the Flax Pond rises a picturesque little 
eminence known as Silsbee's Hill. From the top of this we can 
enjoy as pleasant a view towards the west as we can well desire ; 
or, turning northeastward, we may at our leisure study the in- 
dications of the granite and porphyry, as visible, on the right 
and left, in the style of surface and vegetation. 

We will pass by Flax Pond on the eastern side and follow the 
valley northerly to the Sluice Pond. Here is another mill-site ; 
and the little village round it has an air of manufactures. We 
still continue northerly, for the pond is long and narrow, making 
its quiet bed all the year in this little hollow, between Indian 
Hill on one side and the east flank of the Blood's Swamp Hills 
on the other. When we come to the northern point we shall find 
the water oozing in on all sides from the gravelly banks, and in 
spring a gay rivulet rattling along from Spruce or Cedar Pond, 
still farther north, and falling in to augment the waters of " ye 
olde Sluice." 

At this point a new prospect opens. We have reached the 
limit of the streams that flow southerly, and after this shall find 
them traveling, like the star of empire, westward. The ridge 
w 7 hich the Lynnfield road here occupies is identical with that of 
the Blood's Swamp Hills, this being its lowest point. Do you 
observe, reader, the gorge-like valley that opens towards the 
west ? Do you remark the heavy shadows of the pine woods on 
the southern declivity, contrasting so agreeably with the lighter 



14 

spray and more undulating foliage on the northern side ? Notice, 
also, how the diverse outlines of the strong ledges and thickly- 
wooded hills are seen merging into one another, and as they retire 
more and more, gray succeeds to green, bluish to gray, and this 
again deepens to a full azure. This is the most remarkable de- 
pression in Lynn : the valley of Blood's Swamp. 

Entering by a secluded but pleasant wood-road, we will follow 
its somewhat devious course up the hill to the left. If you are 
not in haste, we can regale ourselves with checkerberry leaves, 
or stay to gather the box-berries that are strewn about as if the 
drops of dew had been congealed into coral. When we come 
here in the spring the Blue Hepatica will now and then look up 
from the damp leaves and give us a quiet welcome ; and if we 
repeat the visit somewhat later, the Linnea will scatter a pure 
incense from the twin bells of its woodland censer, and be ready 
to receive us in its cool arbors, whence it never ventures into the 
open sunshine. Or we may here and there chance upon a Des- 
modium ; or a bushy Gerardia, as free in its beauty as when it 
first glowed on the botanical genius of Oakes, that wakened to 
life before it. as its own buds before the vernal sun. This open 
spot through which we are passing, will by and by be spangled 
over with the Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem. and a little later the 
lithe Golden-Rods will nod and beckon to each other among the 
larger trees and between the scrub oaks and sassafras bushes. 
Perhaps they will whisper: I cannot tell. 

We are now on the highest of the Blood's Swamp Hills; al- 
most, if not quite, the highest land in the township. There is an 
unbroken horizon, taking in the long ocean sweep from Boston 
Harbor to Cape Ann, and then the highlands of Central Essex, 
including those of Topsfield, Boxford and Andover. with Read- 
ing almost at our feet, and the wood-covered eminences rolling 
beyond, like billows in an ever-heaving ocean, till the prospect 
fades away among the alpine highlands of southern New Hamp- 
shire, with Monadnock and its co-ordinate peaks for the termini. 
When the weather is thick or the northern sky hazy, nothing of 
these is to be seen : but in a clear air, such as we have to-day, 
you observe how lightly and cloudlike their immense forms seem 
to float, or rather hover, on the horizon. I once stood on this 
rock, with a friend as enthusiastic as myself, just when the sun 



15 

was setting, and the long level beams of yellow light were shoot- 
ing over the tree-tops in the swamp below us like slender arrows. 
The sky, for the most part, was free from vapors ; but low down in 
the far north, beyond all else, there hung a dense bank of clouds, 
dun-colored and sluggish, against which the deep blue of those 
granite hills lay clear and sharply drawn, more clear, indeed, 
than the outline of hills five miles away. 

There is something amazingly grand in the fair view of a 
mountain, even when it is far off and comparatively small. My 
friend was more familiar with alpine scenery than I ; he had 
travelled and dwelt in its midst ; yet so forcible and purely ele- 
mental was the scene before us, that he, no less than I, stood 
like 

"A pensive pilgrim at the foot 
Of the crowned Alleghany, when he wrapt 
His purple mantle gorgeously around, 
And took the homage of the princely hills 
That stood before him, as they bowed them down 
Each in his order of nobility." 

Below us, on the north, the gorge of the swamp sinks down 
like the entrance to some mighty cavern; and tracing it westerly, 
you can detect its egress, where the hills are exchanged for the 
Saugus meadows. Beyond are the high ridges of woods of 
eastern Middlesex, and Wachusett rising above the whole. 
Southward from these, the eye ranges over the gravelly hills of 
Chelsea and Somerville, with the swarming hive of the capital, 
veiled and panting in the smoke of furnaces and railroad sta- 
tions. 

Our stay in this free and uncontaminated air has probably 
refreshed you, reader, so that you are no wearier than I. A 
short walk southwesterly brings us to Dungeon Rock ; the place 
of much that is beautiful, much that is fanciful, much that is 
perfectly absurd, and much that is lamentably true. The view 
southerly from this point is perhaps better than from most 
others. We are now looking over a porphyry tract exclusively, 
where few hard-wooded trees are seen, but pines and cedars, in 
extensive groves, occupy the whole. From the great ridge, on a 
southern spur of which we stand, to the level land of the city, a 
constant diversity appears ; bushy and peaty swamps succeed to 



16 

abrupt elevations, sheltered valleys alternate with projecting 
rocks and crags, and occasionally we see tokens of a hidden 
brook that goes down from nook to nook by rapid descent, 
though there is not to my knowledge, a waterfall within the 

territory. 

Let me point out to you a few of the more important spots. 
They will often be referred to in the list that follows, and should 
your patience survive the ordeal of this introduction, some 
knowledge of them might not be useless. 

Nest before us on the southeast, and down, down, many times 
the "full fathom five" of Ariel, lies Dog Hill Swamp. It is a 
place where the White Azalea dwells, crowned with especial 
loveliness: where the Poison Sumach grows to the diameter of a 
coffee-cup. and woe be to the susceptible woodsman that cuts it; 
a place where the yellow wasp likes to congregate among the 
yard-high brakes, and the surveyor works his way in at long in- 
tervals, and drives down his stake for a boundary, foot after foot, 
through the elastic moss, before he strikes hard bottom. 

Beyond it is Dog Hill, its namesake and counterpart; where 
the Bush Clover plumes itself and frolics over the shady sward. 
On the other side, as in duty bound, another swamp occurs. It 
is known as Bennet's, and its long trough stretches eastward a 
full mile. From this and the last two copious brooks are poured 
during most of the year, falling into that picturesque sheet of 
water seen a little to the west of them and called Breed's Pond. 

This pond is purely artificial, every foot of it being raised by 
the dam below. It occupies what was formerly known as Pine 
Hill Swamp; a labyrinth of bogs and tangled water-bushes, 
where the otter burrowed in olden time, and round which the 
wolves went prowling malignantly. On that little rounded island 
that blends with the southern shore, we could find two deep 
pits and the remains of another, dug and stoned up by the early- 
farmers as traps for those pests of the flocks. This swamp was 
stored with the Marsh Marigold or Mayblob before its inunda- 
tion, and many a basketful have I carried home from thence, 
crisp and delicate, for a grateful meal in early spring. Pine 
Hill breaks the prospect beyond the pond, sloping gently down 
toward the east as it approaches Bennet's Swamp: and just to 
the left of those smart-looking buildings that we see yet further 



17 

off, upon Linwood, we might visit the dilapidated sheep-fold 
where, long ago, the town shepherd made sure of the nightly 
safety of his charge. It stands in an angle of the pasture to 
which Pine Hill has given a name, a crumbling relic of the agri- 
cultural age of Lynn, that period now finished, and half forgotten 
in the age of manufactures. 

You see a range of land of somewhat uniform elevation to the 
west of Breed's Pond, but to the northwest it suddenly sinks to 
a deep and horse-shoe-formed depression, many acres in extent, 
and filled by the almost impassable thickets of Tomlin's Swamp. 
Twenty minutes' walk will bring us to its western border. 

Tomlin's Swamp is probably the most extensive morass in 
this vicinity, with the possible exception of Blood's Swamp. 
Like the transformed Pine Hill Swamp, it has its tributaries and 
its outlet, this last being the romantic, though not enduring, 
Penny-Bridge Brook. The valley by which this stream finds its 
way to Saugus River is one of the most enchanting seclusions 
to be found in this district, a place precisely fitted for reverie 
and contemplation, 



" Where bright green moss heaves in fantastic forms, 
Speckled with sunshine ; and but seldom heard, 
The sweet bird's song becomes a hollow sound ; 
And the breeze, murmuring indivisibly, 
Preserves its quiet murmur most distinct 
From many a note of many a waterfall, 
And the brook's chatter." 



We will turn backwards now, over Penny Bridge again. It is 
a small, unpretending, rustic affair, rather the worse for neglect 
and of no manner of importance, save only that one of the 
boundary stones between Lynn and Saugus stands near it. 
From here we will stroll away southerly on the western declivity 
of high hills covered with pines, and presently we find ourselves 
on the margin of Edwards' Swamp, endowed by Flora more lib- 
erally, perhaps, than any of the others. It is the home of the 
Purple Orchis, and the chosen seat of the Cardinal-flower; the 
Mayblob is here too, with the Cress, the Golden Senecio and the 
charming Calla; the Dwarf Cornel and the Pyrola are scattered 



18 

round the edges, and Fleabanes, Coral-roots, Willow-herbs and 
Wild Sunflowers are variously distributed on the near hillsides. 

From this we will follow the channel of Birch Brook, that 
flows from its southern extremity. In so doing we pass the 
remnants of a large cedar-swamp from which many of the trees 
have been lately cut, and notice the Indian Poke springing 
greenly by the stream, and the Hempweed climbing in wild 
freedom over the bushes, both far away from others of their 
kind. Below this opens the verdant expanse of Pan Swamp 
Meadow, a rather profitless tract long since reclaimed, that is, 
tortured out of its natural fitness and character. Birch Brook 
here unites with that from Breed's Pond, which I have chosen 
to call Moore's Brook, preferring the name by which it is known 
in the old deeds of land on its banks, to that of Beaver Brook, 
sometimes applied to it. As the current passes on through the 
meadows, it furnishes many a pleasant spot to the botanist, till 
it falls into Saugus River at the Stone Factory. 

I have taken you a long jaunt, kind reader, too bare of inter- 
est, perhaps, to be very pleasant. If you desire more minute 
knowledge of the plants of Lynn, the following list will afford it, 
I think, very fully. Most of them have passed my own exami- 
nation. For others, of which I could obtain no specimens, I am 
glad to inform you of my obligations to Drs. Holder, Clark and 
Nye, and my friend, Mr. Moulton, of this city; gentlemen keenly 
alive to the attractions of botany, and possessed of a fund of that 
pleasant information, scraps of which you will find credited to 
their several names. For the purpose of connecting our flora 
with that of the rest of the county, I have interspersed notices 
of plants unknown here, but detected in other towns. An essen- 
tial service in this particular has been rendered by the Proceed- 
ings of the Essex Institute, issued in 1856, to which society an 
acknowledgement is also due. 

And now I must leave you, reader. There are " tongues in 
the trees, books in the running brooks, and good in everything." 
If you love plants, then study them, give yourself to them, and 
fill your desire with their innocent loveliness. Theirs is display, 
but not meretricious; beauty, but not heartless and trifling; 
exciting attractiveness, but no bitter depression follows. To 
him who reads them aright, they tell a higher tale beside, a tale 



19 

that none can utter, a tale of life, death, a golden hope and a 
sanctified immortality. Adieu. 

" The Spring is here ! the delicate-footed May, 
With her slight fingers full of leaves and flowers ; 
And with it comes a thirst to be away, 
Wasting in woodpaths the voluptuous hours. 
A feeling that is like a sense of wings, 
Restless to rise above these perishing things." 

Lynn, May i, 1858. 



STUDIES OF THE ESSEX FLORA, 



POLYPETALOUS EXOGEJSTS. 



RANUNCULIDS. 

(Crowfoot Family.) 

Clematis Vil'giniaiia. L. Traveller's Joy, 

Common. Low grounds and fence-rows. Culti- Virgin ' s Bower - 
vated to some extent. 

Anemone Virginiana. L. Tall Anemone. 

Frequent. Bushy low places. Wood margins. 

Anemone neniorosa. L. Common 

. . . , _ . . , 1T -, r Anemone. 

Abundant. Moist, rich ground. Edges of copses. 

Hepatica triloba. Chaix. Blue Hepatica, 

Occasional. Near Pirate's Glen, and Howard's NobleLiverwort 
Spring, Saugus. Near Dungeon Rock. Woodside, 
Swampscott. 

Thalictrum anemonoides. Michx. Rue Anemone. 

Occasional. Fairtnount, near Breed's Pond. 

T. dioicum. L. Ear l y Meadow 

Occasional. Border of Stacy's Brook, near Es- Rue - 
sex Street. — Dr. Holder. 



RANUNCUL.] 22 "CROWFOOT F. 

Large Meadow T. OOruilti. L. 

Abundant. Meadows and damp places. 

Crow- Ranunculus aquatilis. L. 

Var. divaricatus. I have found abundant in 
Saugus River, near Howlet's Mills. Saugus. 

" ['■'■- R. multiiidus. Ph. 

I find near Howard Place. Saugus. 

Creeping R. Flainniula. Var. reptans. 

Grows on the beach at lower end of Middleton 
Pond. 



-r..,. t R. Cvmbalaria. Pursh. 

Crowfoot. Rare> XahaQt 

Small flowered R. abortiTUS. L. 

Occasional. 
Dungeon Rock. 



Occasional. Ledges and rocks in light, rich soil. 



Cursed Crow- R. scleratus. L. 
iSedCro^Lt Rare. Calf Spring. Xahant. 

Early Crowfoot. R. faSCJCIllariS. Muhl. 

Front of Common Hill, Swampscott. 

owCrow- R. repens. L. 
Crowfootf 61 * 1115 Abundant. In all low grounds. 

Buttercups. R- blllbO.SU>. L. 

foot* 0115 Cr ° W Common. Uplands and fields. 

Tall Crowfoot. R- acris. L. 

Frequent. Moist grass-lands. 

Cowslip, Caltha palnstris. L. 

Mayblob. Occasional. Formerly found largely in Edwards* 

Swamp, now Birch Pond. About Oaklandvale. Sau- 
gus. 



MAGNOLIDS.] 



28 



[magnolia f, 



Coptis trifolia. Salisb. 

Frequent. On the north declivity of Blood's 
Swamp Hills, it often covers the earth for large 
spaces. 

Aquilegia Canadensis. L. * 

Frequent. Rocks and ledges. 

Actsea spicata. L. Var. alba. 

Occasional. Pirate's Glen and sparingly in Dun- 
geon Pasture ; more frequently in woods, near Up- 
per Swampscott. 



Goldthread. 



Columbine. 



White Cohosh. 



MAGNOLIDS. 

(Magnolia Family.) 

Magnolia glauca. L. 

To be found at Gloucester at the well-known lo- 
cality. 



Sweet Bay. 



BERBEEIDS. 

(Barberry Family.) 
Berberis vulgaris. L. 



Abundant, 
where. 



Woods, fields, and almost every- 



Barberry. 



NYMPHIDS. 

(Water-Lily Family.) 

Brasenia peltata, Pursh. 

Frequent. Flax Pond and other waters in the 
eastern part of the city. 

Nymphaea odorata. Ait. f 

Frequent. Lily Pond and others of its kind. 



Water-shield. 



Pond Lily. 



* Easy to cultivate, if good roots be obtained. A fixed varie- 
ty of a pale, yellowish red or salmon color has been found near 
Salem. It propagates itself without change. — Phifipeii. 

t A curious observation on this plant was made by the late 
Asa T. Newhall, Esq., of Lynnfield, some years since. Having 
planted some roots in a small pond fed by a cold spring, the 
flowers, though luxuriant, were perfectly devoid of odor ; a fact 
due, as he judged, to the coldness of the water where they grew. 



SARRAC] 



u 



[pitcher-plant f. 



Yellow Water- 
Lily. Cow Lil}'. 



Nuphar advena. Ait. 

Frequent. Ponds and sluggish waters. 



Sidesaddle 
Flower. Fore- 
father's Cup, 
Huntsman's 
Cup. 



Celandine. 



Bloodroot. 



SARRACEISTIDS. 

(Pitcher-Plant Family.) 

Sarracenia purpurea. L. * 

Frequent. Bogs and open swamps. 

PAPAYERIDS. 

(Poppy Family.) 

Chelidonium ma jus. L. 

Common. Old gardens and cultivated grounds. 

Sanguinaria Canadensis. L. 

Rare. Moist woods S.E. of Swampscott Ceme- 
tery, and also in ravines N.W. of the same point. 



Pale Corydalis 



Common 
Fumitory. 



FIMABIDS. 

(Fumatory Family.) 

Corydalis glauca. Pursh.f 

Frequent. Retired places on ledges, in thin soil. 

Fumaria officinalis. L. 

Is sparingly naturalized in N. Andover. 



True Water- 
Cress. 



SINAPIDS. 

(Mustard Family.) 

Nasturtium officinale. R. Br. 

Occasional. Brooks and small streams ; as for 
instance, in Neptune Street, near Elm, and near 
head of Birch Pond. 



* This fine plant is becoming somewhat classical in American 
design ; and enters into the composition of the fountains in 
Iront of the State House, Boston. 

t A lovely biennial. By collecting the seeds in mid-summer 
or the young plants in late autumn, it maybe cultivated with 



SINAPIDS.] 25 [MUSTARD F. 

N. palustre. D.C. Marsh Cress. 

Is in the meadows by Shute's Brook, in front of 
R.R. Station, Saugus Centre. 

N". Armoracia. Fries. Horse-radish. 

Often escaped from cultivation. 

Cardimine liirsuta. L. Bitter.Cress. 

Occasional. Ditches and small streams. For- 
merly very plentiful in Edwards' Swamp. 

Var. Virginica. Michx. 

Rare. Retired ledges about Tomlin's Swamp. 

Barbarea vulgaris. R. Br. Winter Cress. 

Frequent. Meadows and rich lands. 

Sisymbrium officinale. Scop. Hedge Mustard 

Abundant. Cultivated grounds and yards. WM Turnip ' 

Sinapis arvensis. L. Charlock. 

Detected near Salem. 

S. nigra. L. • Black Mustard. 

Common. Cultivated grounds and waysides. 

Draba Varna, L., the Common Whitlow Grass, 
has a single locality in Danvers, first noticed, it is 
said, by Dr. A. Nichols. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 
Said to be now extinct. 

Lepideum Virginicum. L. Wild Pepper- 

Common. Roadsides and waste lands. 

Ii. arvense. Lepidium. 

Has been found at Peters' Point, Salem. 

Capsella Bursa-pastoris. Mcench. Shepherd's 

Abundant. Neglected gardens and compost 
heaps. 

Cakile Americana. Nutt. Sea Rocket. 

Common. Beaches at Nahant, Swampscott, etc. 

Raphanus Raphanistrum. L* wild Radish 

Abundant. A garden weed. 



* A crucifer of unknown species, or at least not included in 
Gray, has appeared in a single instance at Burrili's Hill. 



VIOLIDS.] 



26 



[violet f. 



Lance-Leaved 
Violet. 



Sweet White 
Violet. 



Arrow-Leaved 
Violet. 



Hooded Violet. 



Horse Violet. 
Bird-foot Violet 



Spreading 
Violet. 



Downy Yellow 
Violet. 



VIOLIDS. 

(Violet Family.; 
Viola lanceolata. L. 

Abundant. Meadows and damp fields. Prob- 
ably our most fragrant species. 

V. blanda. Wffld. 

Abundant. Bogs and water-courses. 

V. sagittata. Ait. 

Abundant. In every soil and situation, flourish- 
ing freely with little regard to circumstances. 

V. cucullata. Ait. 

Abundant. Meadows and brooksides. A few pe- 
culiar specimens I formerly took for V. fia/ustrzs, L. 

A cultivated form of this took on. in 1863. the 
form of V. palmata. and the next year reversed to 
the normal type. — Pkippen. 

V. pedata. L. 

Abundant. Dry hills and uplands. The finest 
species in the region. 

V. 3Iunlenbergii. Torr. 

Occasional. In Swamps near Pirate's Glen. Sau- 
gus: about Breed's Pond, and so eastward. 

V. pubeseens. Ait. 

Very rare. A rich, shady spot on the back of 
BenneYs Swamp alone affords it. I believe. 



Frostweed, 
Rock-rose. 



Hudsonia. 



CISTIDS. 

(Rock-Rose Family.) 

Heliantliemum Canadense. Michx. 
Abundant. Pastures and dry hills and woods. 

Hudsonia tonientosa. Nutt 

Rare. Short Beach. Xahant. 



Large Pinweed Leehea inajor. Michx. 

Common. Grassv woodlands. 



c mall Pinweed 



L. minor. 

Common. 



Lam. 

Pastures and clearin< 



DROS.] 27 [SUNDEW F. 

DROSERIDS. 

(Sundew Family.) 

Drosera rotundlfolia. L. Round-leaved 

Occasional. Fresh marshes of Chestnut Street, Sundew. 
and other such places. 

D. longlfolia. L. Long-leaved 

Occasional. Along the course of Stony Brook, un ew ' 
and many similar places. 

Parnassia Caroliniana. Michx. Grass of Par- 

Very rare. I have found it in Lynnfield, and tn w. ' 
along the banks of Stacy's Brook. 

HYPERIDS. 

(St. John's-wort Family.) 

Hypericum perforatum. L. St. Johns-wort. 

Abundant. Roadsides and neglected soils. 

H. mutilum. L. Small 

Common. A weed in fields and gardens. * JO n s_wor ' 

H. Caiiadense. L. Canadian 

Common. Gravelly edges of ponds and water- " J0 n s " wor • 
courses. 

H. Sarotlira. Michx. Pineweed. 

Abundant. Dry uplands, in cartways and exca- 
vations. 

Elodea Virglnica. Nutt. Marsh 

Abundant. Cool and shady bogs and along 
sluggish waters. 



ELATINIDS. 

(Water-wort Family.) 

Elatine Americana. Arnott. Water-wort. 

Rare. Flax Pond. — Robinson. 



DIAN.] 



2^ 



[pink f. 



Wild Pink. 
Deptford Pink. 

Bouncing Be:. 
Soapwort. 



Bladder Cam- 
pion, Crackers. 



Sweet William, 
Catchfly. 



Wooly Pink, 
Corn Cockle. 



Thyme-leaved 
Sandwort. 



Side-Flowering 
Sandwort. 



Sea Sandwort. 



Chickweed. 



Northern 
Stitchwort. 



Mouse-ear 
Chickweed. 



DIAXTHIDS. 

(Pink Family.) 

Dianthus Armeria. L. 

Frequent. Turfy banks, mostly near roads. 

Saponaria Officinalis. L, 

Common. Old grounds about houses. 

Silene inflata. Smith. 

Abundant. Gravelly places and roadsides. Re- 
markable for its main root, which is sometimes 
enormously long. * 

S. Armeria. L. 

Frequent. A garden weed often migrating to the 
street. 

Lychnis Gitliago. Lam. 
Occasional. Gardens and fields. 

Arenaria serpyllifolia. L. 

Occasional. Damp rocks at Pine Hill and old 
cultivated spots about Atlantic St. A little in doubt. 

A. lateriflora. L. 

Abundant on bushy hillock? between the dyke 
and the railroad, and in other like places, kludge's 
Woods. Swampscott. 

Borders of ponds about Legg's Hill. Salem. — 
P hip pen. 

Honkenya peploides. Ehr. 

Frequent. King's Beach, and others in that 
region. — Dr. Holder. 

Stellaria media. Smith. 
Abundant. Gardens and fields. 

S. borealis. Big. 

Has been detected in Broad Meadow. Lvnnfield. 
—A. P. Chute. 

Cerastiimi Yiscosimi. L. 

Abundant. Cultivated grounds and waysides. 



* I traced one five feet into the earth perpendicularly, which 
retained a diameter of nearly an inch. This plant is almost un- 
known in Salem, and the north part of the county. — Ph.; _ 



PORTUL.] 



29 



[PURSLANE f. 



C. arveiise. L. 

Very rare in Lynn, if here at all. Abundant at 
Nahant, whitening the pastures when in flower, and 
sparingly at Swampscott on the shore ledges. 

Sagina procumbens. L. 

Rare. Spring ledges near Pirate's Glen, Saugus. 
Occasional on gravelly bluffs on the east side of 
Nahant. Also at Rockport. 1862. 

Spergula arvensis. L. 

Common. Waste places in cultivated grounds, 
stubble fields. 

Spergularia rubra. Pers. 
Common. Waysides and yards. 

Var. Marina. 

Frequent on Commercial wharf and elsewhere. 

Sclerantlms animus. L. 

Common. Dry gravelly fields and roadsides. 

Mollugo verticillata. L. 

Common. Gardens and fields in rich, cultivated 
soil. 



Field 
Chickweed. 



Pearlwort. 



Corn Spurry. 



Sandwort. 



Knawel. 



Carpet weed. 



PORTULIDS. 

(Purslane Family.) 

Portulaca oJeracea. L. Purslane. 

Abundant. No garden can be long tilled without 
producing it. Thought to be naturalized from 
Europe, but a French writer in 1636 says : " Purs- 
lane naturally comes to the Indians in their culti- 
vated fields, among their corn and pumpkins and is 
common with them." — Phippen. 



MALVIDS. 

(Mallow Family.) 

AJbutiloii avicennse. Gaert. Velvet leaf 

Frequent. It occurs spontaneously in gardens Wild Cotton - 
and manured lands. 



TILIDS.] 



80 



[linden f. 



Low Mallows, 
Cheesevine. 



Malva rotundil'olia. L. 

Abundant. Everywhere near houses and build- 
ings ; well known. 



American Lin- 
den, Basswood. 



TILIDS. 

(Linden Family.) 

Tilia Americana. L. 

Occasional. I have found it in Dungeon Pas- 
ture ; also on Second Pine Hill. It is more plenti- 
ful at Oak Island, Chelsea. 



LINIDS. 

(Flax Family.) 

Wild Flax. Liinum Virginianum. L. 

Very rare. I have only once met with it, near 
the top of Second Pine Hill where it still nourishes 
in small quantity. 



Cranesbill, 
Wild Geranium 



Carolina 
Cranesbill. 



Herb Robert. 



Touch-me-not. 



Jewel-weed. 



GERANIDS. 

(Geranium Family.) 

Geranium maculatum. L. 

Frequent. Thickets, borders of swamps and re- 
tired fence rows. Very readily cultivated, yielding 
a profusion of beautiful flowers. The curious pro- 
jection of its ripe seeds is worthy of study. 

O. Carolinianum. L. 

Occasional. Cultivated lands, not elegant. 

0. Robertianum. L. 

Abundant. Rocky places, at the base of ledges, 
flourishing among the debris. Miserably fetid. 

Impatiens pallida. Nutt. 

At Backside, Hamilton, side by side with /. 
fu Iva . — Ph ippen . 

1. f ulva. Nutt. 

Abundant. Brooksides and wet, rich quagmires. 



ANACARIDS.j 



31 



[cashew f. 



Oxalis stricta. L. YeiiowWood 

„ t 11 -i i -11 Sorrel, Ladies' 

Common. In all soils not too dry, particularly bon-el. 
manure-beds and other rich places. 



ANACAEIDS. 



(Cashew Family.) 

Rhus typhina. L. * staghom 

Abundant. Most common on hills in light soil, Sumach - 
but thrives almost anywhere. Difficult to eradicate. 



R. glabra. 

Abundant. 



Intermixed with the former. 



Smooth 
Sumach. 



R. copallina. L. 

Frequent. Hillsides in good soil, often forming 
crowded patches. 



Dwarf Sumach. 



R. Venenata. DC. Poison Elder, 

Frequent. Swamps and wet thickets. Its pois- poifon°Sumach. 
onous property affects different persons in various 
degrees, many not being susceptible at all. 

R. Toxicodendron. L.f Poison Oak, 

Common. Not a respecter of soils by any p^son^'vy. 
means. 



VITIDS. 

(Vine Family.) 



Vitis Labrusca. L. 

Frequent. Damp thickets, 
comparatively few. 



The fertile 



Common 
plants Wild Grape. 



* In this vicinity, this and the two following show to rather 
poor advantage in autumn, being divested of all the young 
shoots and leaves by the morocco tanners. R. copallina is 
said to be better for this than the others, though less abundant. 

t It is a terror to many who are not poisoned by R. venenata, 
of which class I happen to be one. 

A marked specimen of the shrub-form is at Juniper Po ; nt, 
Sal em . — Phippen . 



RAHMNID5.] 



[BUCKTHORN F. 



Summer 
Grap>e. 



Creeper, 
Woodbine. 



V. aestivalis. Michx. 

Occasional. It seems to occupy higher situations 
than V. Labrusca. and to be more generally fruit- 
ful. /". Cordifolia. Michx.. the Frost Grape, I 
think is with us but cannot be at all positive. 

Ampelopsis quiiiquefolia. Michx. 

Abundant. Thrives in all kinds of soil where 
there is not too much shade. 



Tersev Tea. 



RHA3IXIDS. 
(Buckthorn Famh.it 

Ceanotlms Ainericarms. L. 

Occasional. The best localities are on the 
southern slope of Linwood. and a hillside west of 
Sadler's Rock. 



■tree, 

Wax- 
Bitter Sw eel 



CELASTRIDS. 
(Spindle-Tree Family. 

Celastrus scandeus. L.* 

Abundant. Borders of fields, and fencerows. A 
luxuriant and elegant vine, and easy of cultivation. 



SAPINLDS. 

(Soapberry Trzz 

Striped Maple. Acer PeniisylYanieuin. L. 

Rare. Said to grow in Dungeon Pasture. 

Sugar Maple. Acer saceliarmrmi. L. 

Occasional. I have not found it in Lynn, al- 
though it is probably here. It grows at Woodside. 
Swampscott. 

Swamp Maple. A. rubrUMl. L. 

Abundant. The most common tree in swamps 
and wet localities, next the Alder. 



graceful, but cur: tendency 

of leaves to' turn the upper surface to the j etiole-s 

' twisted wl e "--ted. 



POLYGALIDS. 



33 



[milkwort f. 



POLYGALIDS. 

(Milkwort Family.) 

Polygala saiiguinea. L. * 

Common. A showy little plant in meadows and 
damp lands, flowering after the grass is mown. The 
root has a fine odor like that of Checkerberry. 

P. cruciata. L. 

Very rare. I have met with it in wet, oozy lands 
below the mill-dam of E. Holmes, Lynn. The best 
locality I know of is Marblehead Great Neck, 
where it is abundant in the damp lands. 

P. verticillata. L. 

Occasional. I know no localities except a meadow 
near the head of Raddin's Ct, West Lynn, and a 
spot on the highlands of Rocks Pasture. 

P. polygama. Walt. 

Frequent. Most so upon and near Second Pine 
Hill. A fine plant in flower. 



Red Milkwort. 



Cross-leaved 
Milkwort. 



Whorled 
Milkwort. 



Double-fruited 
Milkwort. 



PISIDS. 

(Pulse Family.) 

Liupinns perennis. L. Lupine. 

Said to grow in Lynnfield. 

Latliyrus maritimus. Bigel. Beach Pea. 

Abundant. Stony beaches of Nahant and else- 
where. 

L.. palllStriS. L. Marsh 

Rare. Confined entirely to the Eastern section. Meadow^Pea 
Borders of Stacy's Brook, near Humphrey Street. 

ApiOS tubei'OSa. Mcencll. Ground-nut. 

Abundant. Overrunning bushes in damp thickets, 
and spreading extensively. 



Amphicarpsea monoica. Nutt. 

Frequent. Shady places in light, moist soil. 



Hog Pea-nut. 



* This genus is a difficult study for beginners, but is perfect- 
ly easy to recognize after a little acquaintance. 



PISIDS.] 



34 



[pulse f. 



Naked flowered 
Tick-Trefoil. 



Desmodium. 



Tick-Trefoil. 



Desmodium nudiflorum. DC. 

Rare. It grows scantily on the southern side of 
Blood's Swamp Hills ; elsewhere I have not seen it. 

D. acuminatum. DC. 

A ledge on Blood's Swamp Hills, nearly north of 
the head of Dog Hill Swamp furnishes this plant. 
No other locality is .known to me. (July, 1862.) 

D. Canadense. DC. 

Is occasional on the railroad at that part of the 
city formerly known as Woodend, and along the 
hillsides west of Sadler's Rock. 



Bush Clover. 



Hairy Bush 

Clover. 



Wooly- 

stemmed 
Clover. 



Common 
Locust. 



Rabbit-foot 
Clover, 
Pussy Clover. 

Red Clover. 



Zigzag Clover. 



White Clover. 
Honeysuckle. 



Lespedeza violacea. Pers. 

Frequent. Dry oak and hickory woods. A hand- 
some plant, and well worth cultivating. 

L. hirta. Ell. 

Common. Open, gravelly hillsides and fields. 

L. capitata. Michx. 

Maybe determined among the numerous forms 
found on Linwood, and other like places. 

Robinia pseudacacia. L. 

Occasional. Sparingly naturalized. Rather free- 
ly established at Cider Mill Pasture, west of Pan 
Swamp Meadow. Abundant in Peabody, near 
Lynn line. 

Trifolium arvense. L. 

Abundant. Dry, sterile fields and roadsides. 

T. pratense. L. 

Abundant. Cultivated largely and thoroughly 
naturalized here. A variety with pure white flow- 
ers is occasional in Saugus, Lynn, Salem, etc. 

T. medium. L. 

Found in Danvers, near Topsfield line. 

T. repens. L. 

Abundant. Establishing itself almost every- 
where, resisting drought and flourishing in the most 
unpropitious seasons. 



ROSIDS ] 35 ' [ROSE F. 

T. agTarilim. L. Hop Clover. 

Common in poor grass land about Salem. — Phift- 
fien. 

T. prOCUlllbeilS. L. Low Hop 

Rare. I have only found it in Linnean Grove. 
A curious little species. 

MelilotllS Officinalis. Willd. Sweet Clover. 

Is on the beaches at Cohasset Rocks. In culti- 
vated clover. Salem Neck. — Phiftpen. 

M. leucantha. Koch. white Meiilot. 

Is naturalized in Rowley. — Proc. Ess. Inst, 1856. 

Medicag'O lupillilia. L. Nonesuch. 

Common. Gardens and fields. Also frequently 
found by waysides and about houses. 

Genista tillCtoria. L. Wood Waxen, 

Abundant. Between Lynn and Salem is no yer s 
doubt the chief seat of this pernicious intruder. It 
completely covers the elevated pasture soil, exter- 
minating the grass and almost every plant beside. 

Baptisia tinctoria. R. Br. Wild indigo. 

Abundant. Pastures and hills; troublesome in 
tilling new lands. 



ROSIDS. 

(Rose Family.) 

Primus maritima. Wang. Beach Plum. 

Occasional. Singularly enough, not on the shore 
at all, but along Boston Street, near Wyoma, 
and like places. Frequent about Nahant, on the 
bluffs. 

P. Pennsylvania. Loisel. Wild Red 

Frequent. Hillsides and pastures. An elegant Cherry, 
species. 

P. Virgilliaiia. DC. Choke Cherry. 

Common. Upland thickets and old fence-rows. 



ROSIDS.] 
Black Cherry. 

Meadow-sweet. 
Hardhack. 

Agrimony. 
White Avens. 



Tall Yellow 
Avens. 



Purple Avens. 



Norway 
Cinque-foil. 



Five-finger. 



Silvery 
Cinque-foil. 



Silver-weed. 



Crowded 
Cinque-foil. 



36 



[rose f. 



P. seratina. DC. 

Common. Woods. The best specimens in Lynn 
are probably in the old Western Burial Ground. 
Market Square. 

Spiraea salicifolia. L. 

Abundant. Swamps and boggy water-courses. 

S. toinentosa. L. 

Abundant. Rich pastures and uplands. Too 
common to be duly appreciated. 

Agrimonia Eupatoria. L. 

Common. Thickets and borders of swamps. 

Geum Virginianuni. L. 

Occasional. Shady, rich soil among rocks in 
elevated spots. 

Gr. strictum. Ait. 

Rare. Formerly at roadside at North Bend. 

G. rivale. L. 

Rare. Hardly to be found except in Linnean 
Grove. — Dr. Holder. 

Topsfield. Formerly at N. Salem. — Phippen. 

Potentilla Norvegica. L. 

Frequent. Cultivated grounds and around dwell- 
ings. 

P. Canadensis. L. 

Abundant. Var. pumilla is a pioneer plant in 
almost every soil ; Var. simplex occurs frequently 
along walks and in dry thickets. 

P. argentea. L. 

Common. Borders of streets and travelled ways. 
Remarkable for its downy whiteness. 

P. anserina. L. 

Abundant. Dykes and banks about the salt 
marshes. Resembles tansy. 

P. argaita. Pursh. 

Rare. Formerly at Burrill's Hill. 

Sunny cliffs about Castle Hill, S.Sa\em.-J3uttrlck. 



ROSIDS.] 37 [ROSE F. 

P. frutiCOSa. L. Shrubby 

T7 • t -r u j. 11 Cinque-foil. 

Very rare in Lynn, if here at all. 

I have it from peat bogs in Lynnfield, near Ser- 
pentine Quarry, where it abounds. " Backside," 
H amilton. — Ph ipften . 

P. tridentata. Ait. Mountain 

Cinque-toil. 

Near Bass Rock, Gloucester.— /. L. Russell, 1861. 
Fragaria Virginiana. Ehrh. strawberry. 

Common. Meadows and fields. Plentiful in 
recent clearings. 

F. veSCa. L. Long-fruited 

Frequent. Low grounds. Both species bear 
very scantily in this section. 

RubUS OdOratUS. L. Flowering 

Raspberry. 

Is said to be naturalized in Salem Pastures. 

Michx. Red Raspberry. 

Abundant. Rocky places in rich woodlands ; the 
fruit generally small in quantity. 

R. OCCideilt aliS. L. Thimbleberry. 

Common. Along pasture walls and in the edges 
of thickets. Generally very fruitful. 

R. villosus. Ait. High 

a 1 v^ .1 „ . . Blackberry. 

Abundant. Damp soils generally; the varieties 
appear very much intermixed. The fruit for the 
most part is poor and valueless. 

R. Canadensis. L. feberry. 

Abundant. Open pastures and hillsides, trailing 
extensively and bearing great quantities of fruit. 

R. llispidllS. L. Swamp 



Abundant. Filling every swamp, and thriving 
almost as well on shady uplands. Fruit of little 
consequence. 



Blackberry 



Rosa lucida. Ehrh. * Low Wild Rose 

Common. Mostly on the edges of swamps and 
in damp thickets. 



* Either this and R. Carolina, L., the Swamp Rose, are not 
well distinguished, or else the latter is not in this region. 



MELASTOM.] 



38 



[MELASTOMA F. 



Sweetbrier. 



Red Thorn. 



Chokeberry, 
Dogberry. 



Mountain Ash. 



Sh ad-bush 
June-berry. 



R. rubiginosa. L. 

Frequent. Chiefly in open hillsides and uplands. 

Crataegus coccinea. L. 

Rare. I found it formerly at BurrilFs Hill and 
in one or two other spots. Fine specimens may 
be seen in Salem, near the crossing of the Marble- 
head Railroad and the Forest River road. 

Pyrns arbutifolia. L. 

Common. Among huckleberry bushes. Fruit 
profuse and attractive to the eye. but not by any 
means to the taste. 

P. Americana. DC. 

Occasional. Small specimens are only to be 
found, as the trees are early seized upon for culti- 
vation. 



Amelanchiar Canadensis. 

Common in almost every low 



Torr. & Gray. 

ground. 
Var. Botryapium occurs at Lantern Hill, and 
occasionally in other places. A peculiar form oc- 
curs along the shore at Norman's Woe, Gloucester, 
fruiting plentifully when the bushes are not three 
feet his:h. 



Meadow 
Beauty. 



3IELAST03IIDS. 

(Melastoma Family.) 

Rliexia Yirglnica. L. 

Frequent. Brooksides and meadows. Generally 
plentiful where it appears at all. 



Low 

Loosestrife. 



LYTHKIDS. 

(Loose-Strife Family.) 

Ammannia humilis. Michx., a small weed with 
no other name, is said to grow in Danvers. — Proc. 
Ess. Inst., 1856. 

Lytlirum hyssopifolia. L. 

I found it at Flax Pond, and also in Oak street, 
in 1849. I have seen it quite plentifully in a 
meadow at Nahant, and in lesser quantity in low 
grounds along Moore's Brook above Boston Street. 



Great 
Willow-herb. 



ONAGRIDS.] 39 [FUCHSIA F. 

Nessea verticillata. Ell. Swamp 

Loosestrife. 
Frequent. Ponds and wet swamps. The stems 
are sometimes curiously thickened under water. 

ONAGRIDS. 

(Fuchsia Family.) 

Epilobium augustifolium. L. 

Abundant. It seems partial to burnt lands, as 
the hillside N.E. of Breed's Pond, where in 1856 its 
flowers made one sheet of purple. Beautiful and 
easy to cultivate. 

E. palllStre. L. Epilobium. 

Not rare. Hamilton, Middleton and Danvers. — 
Phi ft ft en. 

E. COloratlim. Muhl. Purple-veined 

Frequent. Springy spots and borders of ponds. 

CEnothera biennis. L. Evening Prim- 

Common. Gardens and fields. I have found it rose > Scablsh - 
in Rock's Pasture, with flowers more than double 
the common size and very showy. 

Var. Cruciata is very abundant on Eastern Rail- 
road between Hamilton and Ipswich. — Phiftften. 

<E. puillila. L. Dwarf Evening 

Frequent in dry gravelly spots, and sometimes in pnmr ose. 
moist grounds. 



Seed-box. 



L. 
Rare. Formerly on Washington Street, between 
Essex and Laighton. I found it nowhere else 
and then it was not plentiful. 

L. palUStris. Ell. Water Purslane 

Abundant. Creeping in the mud on the banks of 
ponds and stagnant waters. 

CirC9ea Llltetiana. L. Enchanter's 

Occasional. Dungeon Pasture and elsewhere. Nl s htshade - 
Plants seldom solitary. 

C. alpina. L. Small 

Occasional. Pirate's Glen. Partial to shady ^hfshade 5 
spots and grows in patches. 



CACTIDS.] 
Mermaid Weed. 



Variable 
Water-Milfoil. 



40 



[cactus f. 



Proserpinaca palustris. L. 

In most ponds and permanent ditches; generally 
in shallows that dry in summer. 

Myriophyllum ambig umu. Nutt. 

Var. Matans. Occasional. Breed's Pond. 
Probably in many still waters. 

Var. Capillaceum. Occasional. In a rocky 
pond-hole in Marshall's Pasture. 



CACTIDS. 

(Cactus Family.) 

Prickly Pear. Opillltia vulgaris. Mill. 

On the Ipswich River bank, at North Reading, 
where a few plants were placed many years ago 
there is now a very flourishing locality. — Robinson. 



CKASSULIDS. 



(Houseleek Family.) 



Mossy 
Stone-crop, 
Golden Moss. 



Secluiii acre. L. 

Occasional. Naturalized between the old hotel 
and Spouting Horn, Nahant, on the gravel banks. 



Aaron's Rod, 
Live-forever. 



S. Telephium. L. 

Occasional. Near old houses and about ledges. 



Ditch 
Stone-crop. 



Houseleek. 



Peiitlioruin sedoides. L. 

Common. Muddy ditches and edges of stagnant 
pools. I have never seen the petaloid state. 

Sempervivum tectorum. L. (?) 

Rare. Naturalized on a ledge at E. Stone's 
house on Boston Street. Also on a rock at Oak- 
landvale, Saugus, and on rocks at south end of 
Floating Bridge Pond. 

On rocks, near Witch Hill. Salem — Phippcn. 



SAXAFRIDS.] 



41 



SAXAFRAGE F. 



SAXAFRIDS. 

(Saxafrage Family.) 

Saxifraga Virginiensis. Michx. 

Common. Wherever there is a damp rock to 
sustain it, it may be found full of buds as soon as 
the snow is gone. 

Var. Chlorantha, with green flowers, occurs in 
Topsfield. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 

S. Pennsylvanica. L. 

Rare. Perhaps not in Lynn at all, but plentiful 
in the wet edges of Shute's Brook, near railroad 
station, Saugus Centre. 

In a swamp in Great Pasture, Salem, and along 
Ipswich River, Hamilton. Roadsides in Wenham, 
and Rocks near Beverly Bridge, Salem. Abundant 
and very large along roads in Topsfield, near Ips- 
wich River. — Phippen. 

Tiarella cordifolia. L. 

Rare. It has been found within the township. — 
Dr. Holder. 

Clirysosplenium Americanum. Schw. 
Occasional. Saugus and Swampscott/ 

Ribes Mr tell um. Michx. 

Abundant. On almost every rocky hill, and by 
no means rare in low grounds. Generally quite 
fruitful. 



Mousemead, 
Early Saxifrage 



Swamp 
Saxifrage. 



False 
Mitrewort. 



Golden 
Saxifrage. 



Short-stalked 
Gooseberry. 



HAMAMEL.IDS. 

(Witch-Hazel Family.) 

Hamamelis Virginica. L. 

Abundant. Damp hillsides, near swamps; easily 
known by its being in full flower when there are 
no leaves to conceal it from sight. 



Witch Hazel. 



APIDS. 

(Parsley Family.) 

Hyclrocotyle Americana. L. 

Abundant. Every swamp is filled with it. 



Pennywort. 



APIDS. 



42 



[parsley f. 



H. umbellata, L., (?) the Round-leaved Penny- 
wort, I have found at Essex Pond, Hamilton, but 
not in flower, so that I rather doubt the species. 

Crantzia. Crantzia lineata. Nutt. 

A little plant not otherwise named grows on the 
brackish marshes at Salisbury. — A. P. Chute. 

Sanicie. Sanicula Marilandica. L. 

Frequent. Edges of thickets and among low 
bushes. 

Carrot. Daucus Garota. L. 

Occasional. Naturalized in old fields. 
Heracleum Lanatum, Michx. 
The Cow Parsnip is probably not in Lynn, but 
grows on the Forest Fiver Road. 

Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa. L. 

Occasional. Plentifully established in some older 
parts of the city. 

Archangelica perigrina. Nutt. 

The lesser Angelica is to be found in Salem, 
Danvers and Beverly. — Proc. Ess. Inst. 

Fool's Parsley. JEtliusa Gynapium. L. 

Occasional. In old gardens and cultivated fields. 

Scotch Lovage. Ldgusticum Scoticum. L. 

Frequent. Perhaps not in the proper territory 
of Lynn, but scattered liberally along the shores 
about Nahant. 



Meadow 
Parsnip. 



Thaspium aureum. Nutt. 

I have found in Topsfield, near Boxford. 



Musquash-Root Cicuta maculata. L. 

Frequent. In swamps and like places. 



Bulb-bearing 
Water Hemlock 



Water Parsnip. 



C. bulbifera. L. 

Occasional. Edges of Strawberry Brook, in the 
Bowler Swamp, and elsewhere. 

Sium latifolium. L. (?) 

Frequent. Brooks and swamps. The distinction 
between this and S. lineare, Michx., is too obscure. 



ARALIDS. 



[SPIKENARD F. 



Osmorrhiza brevistylis, DC, the Hairy Sweet 
Cicely, grows, it is said, at Oak Island, Chelsea, 
but I doubt its being an inhabitant of Lynn. 

Canium maculatum, L., was formerly in the 
streets of Salem, but it has disappeared. — Phipften. 

Carum Carui, L., the common Caraway, is nat- 
uralized in Rowley and Ipswich. 



ARALIDS. 

(Spikenard Family.) 

Aralia racemosa. L. Spikenard, 

Rare. I have found but one specimen in the Pettimoml - 
place, which was in the valley S.E. from Dungeon 
Rock. It has, however, been brought from the 
woods for cultivation by others. 



A. nudicaulis. L. 

Abundant. Rocky hills and woods. 

A. hispicla. Michx. 

Frequent. Hilly pastures. Particularly abun- 
dant near Gravel and Round Ponds, Hamilton. 



Wild 
Sarsaparilla. 



Bristly 
Sarsaparilla. 



Panax trifolium. L. 

Is to be found at the Aqueduct Fountains, Dan- 
vers. 



Dwarf Ginsing-. 



CORNIDS. 

Cornel Family.) 

CorilUS Circiliata. L'Her. Round-leaved 

Frequent. Grows largely among the rocks on Cornel - 
the N.E. slope of Second Pine Hill, near the road. 



C. stolenifera. Michx. (?) 
Frequent. Upper Swampscott. 



Red-osier 
Cornel. 



C. paniculata. L'Her. Panicled 

Frequent. Uplands and hillsides in cool soil. I Cornel - 
have some doubt of this species being correctly 
determined. 



C. florida. L. 

Rare. Three or four localities are known. 



Flowering' 
Dogwood. 



CAPRIFOLIDS.] 



44 



[honeysuckle f. 



Dwarf Cornel, c. Canadensis. L. 



Frequent. Around the margin of Breed's Pond, 
and elsewhere in Dungeon Pasture. 



Alternate- 
leaved Cornel. 



C. alternifolia. L. 

Is frequent on rocky hills and occasional in cul- 
tivation. 



Tupelo. 
Pepperidge. 



Nyssa multiflora. Wang. 

Abundant. Rich woods and thickets, Very fine 
in and about Pine Grove Cemetery. 



7SDDE N DH. 

Turritus glabra, L., the Smooth Tower-Mustard, is at 
Paradise andOrne's Point, Salem. —Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 

Draba Caroliniana, Walt., the Whitlow Grass, has been 
found in Salem. — Ibid. 

Sanguisorba Canadensis, L., the Canada Burnet, may be 
often found in Hamilton and vicinity, though never, I think, west 
of Salem. 



MOiNTOPETALOUS EXOGENS. 



CAPRIFOLIDS. 

(Honeysuckle Family ) 



Linnea, 
Twin-flower, 



Ldnnea borealis. Gronov. 

Occasional. Very luxuriant on a hill near the 
Lynnfield road, Wyoma. 

Lonicera sempervirens, Ait., the Trumpet 
Honeysuckle has been detected near Marblehead. 
—J. L. Russell. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 



RUBIDS. 



45 



[madder f. 



Diervilla trificla. Moench. 

Frequent. Along walls near the Saugus line, 
north of Boston Street. 

Abundant in Beverly, Manchester and Essex. — 
Phi ft ft en. 

Triosteum perfoliatum. L. 

Frequent. Cool and moist lands. 

Sambucus Canadensis. L. 

Common. Damp thickets and swamps. 

S. pubens. Mx. 

Abundant at Hamilton Ponds. 

Has been found at Danvers. — Russell. 

Viburnum undiim. L. 

Grows at the head of Middleton Pond, and at 
Penny Bridge, Saugus. 

V. JJentago. L. 

Occasional. In a pasture west of Pan Swamp 
Meadow. 

V. dentatum. L. 

Common. Thickets and woods. 

V. acerifolium. L. * 

Occasional. Generally on elevated and fertile 
soils. Seldom abundant in any place. 



Bush Honey- 
suckle. 



Feverwort. 



Elder. 



Red-berried 
Elder. 



Withe-rod. 



Sweet 
Viburnum. 



Arrow-wood. 



Maple-leaved 
Arrow-wood. 



RUBIDS. 

(Madder Family.) 

Galium asprellum. Michx. 
Abundant. Swamp thickets covering the bushes. 

G. trifidum. L. 

Abundant. Moist grounds and borders of streams. 

G. trittorum. Michx. 

Frequent. Boggy open places, among ferns and 
the like. A rather showy species. 



Rough 
Cleavers. 



Small Bedstraw 



Sweet Bedstraw 



* An elegant undershrub, well suited for ornamental uses. 
When not in flower, it is' not readily distinguished from a young 
maple. 



ASTERIDS.] 



41 



[aster f. 



Wild Licorice. 



Button-bush. 



Partridge- 
berry, 
Box-berry. 



Bluets, 
Innocence. 



GL circaezans. Michx. 

Common. May be found on the south side of 
almost every precipice where there is sufficient soil. 

Cephalanthus occidentalis. L. 

Abundant. Water-courses and ponds, forming 
dense jungle-like masses. Its habit reminds one of 
the tropical Mangrove. 

Mitchell a repens. L. 

Common. Certain to be in all woods, and often 
where there are none, yet better worth cultivating 
than many exotics. 

Houstonia coerulea. L. 

Common. In all kinds of grass-lands, except the 
dryest. 

Find both living and dead stems on same root, 
indicating a perennial habit. Doubt its being a 
biennial. — Phippen. 



Blazing Star. 



Trumpet Weed, 
Queen o' the 
Meadow, 
Indian Hemp. 

Verbena-leaved 
Boneset. 



Broad-leaved 
Boneset. 



Smooth 
Boneset. 



Thorough-wort. 



ASTERIDS. 

(Aster Family.) 

Liatris scariosa. Willd. 

Very rare. Said to grow on the northeast side 
of Humphrey's Pond, Lynnfield. Reading and 
H amilton. — Ph ippen . 

Eupatoriuin purpureuin. L. 

Abundant. In every swamp and low meadow. 
Rarely solitary. 

E. teucrifolium. Willd. 

Occasional. In Bowler Swamp, and also in the 
Ox Pasture, near Lynnfield line. 

Backside, Hamilton. — Phippen. 

E. pubescens. Muhl. 

Rare. Somewhat plentiful in Swampscott. 

E. gessilifolium. L. 

Rare. Formerly at BurrilFs Hill. 

E. perfoliatum. L. 

Frequent. Damp situations; not apt to be plen- 
tiful, but sometimes abundant. 



ASTERIDS. 



47 



[aster f. 



Mikania scaiidens. L. 

Very rare. Formerly on the shore of Breed's 
Pond, at the outlet of Bennet's Brook. 

Plenty in swamp at W. Dan vers. Very luxuriant 
along Ipswich River, Hamilton. — Phippeii. 

Sericocarpus conyzoides. Nees. 

Common. Pastures and hills. 



Climbing 
Hemp-weed. 



White-topped 
Aster. 



Aster corymbosus. Ait. * 

Frequent. Shady, moist places. Easy to recog- 
nize. A form is now and then found which may be 
A. macrophyllns, L. 

A. patens. Ait. 

Frequent. Scattered among the berry bushes on 
warm upland slopes. One of our finest species. 

A. Ia3vis. L. 

Occasional. Eastern part of the town; also in 
Swampscott. 

A. uiidulatus. L. 

Frequent. The most common species in rocky 
spots, as the east side of Hathorne's Hill. Very 
conspicuous. 

A. cordifolius. L. 

Frequent. Borders of brooks and like moist 
localities. 



Corymbed 
Aster. 



Spreading 
Aster. 



Smooth Blue 
Aster. 



Variable Aster. 



Heart-leaved 
Aster. 



A. dumosus. L. 

Common. More generally distributed than other 
species? but rather less frequent near dwellings. 



Bushy Aster. 



A. Tradescanti. L. 

Abundant. Principally by roadsides and in grav- 
elly soils. Noticeable for its close, cylindrical- 
looking racemes of white flowers. 



Narrow-leaved 
Aster. 



* Not a few of this genus might be made to adorn the garden 
as much as the Cinerarias. A. Icevis, patens and Nova Anglice, 
are all charming flowers, with scarce a fault ; but, alas ! they are 
''so common." 



ASTERIDS.] 



LS 



[ASTER E 



Mean Aster. 



Willow-leaved 
Aster. 



A. miser. L. 

Common. Most readily distinguished by the 
leaves. The last three species, though wholly dis- 
tinct, are a difficult study for beginners. 

A. longlfolius. Lam. 

Abundant. The prevailing species in swampy 
places and along water-courses. Variable, particu- 
larly in tint. A well-marked variety of this, as 
1 believe, occurs along the beaches in Swamp- 
scott. It has a stiff, bushy aspect and quite obtuse 
leaves. 



Rough stem- 
med Aster. 



New England 
Aster. 



Pointed-leaved 
Aster. 



A. puniceus. L. 

Frequent. The roughest species I have found. 
Resembles A. longifolius in the flowers. 

A. Novae- Angliae. L. 

Frequent Along the railroad in Ward Seven, 
and on the West Lynn marshes. 

A fine variety with rose-purple flowers. A. ro- 
sexs. Desf.. has been shown as gathered in the 
township. 

A. acuminatus. Michx. 

Occasional. Borders of swamps and like situa- 
tions. 



Annual Salt 
Marsh Aster. 



Horseweed, 
Fleabane. 



Robin's 

Plantain. 



A. liiiifolius. L. 

Frequent. Marshes at West Lynn Station and 
elsewhere. 

Rare or unknown about Salem. — Phippen. 

Erigeron Canadeiise. L. 

Common. The inseparable companion of agri- 
culture, showing itself in every garden and field. 

E. bellidifolium. Muhl. 
Occasional. Roadsides. 



Purple Flea- 
bane. 



E. Pliiladelpliicum. L. 

Occasional. Near Orne's Point, Salem. 
Also in Danvers. — Phippen. 



Paisy Fleabane. E. aiinuuill. Pers 

Frequent. Along Strawberry Brook. 



ASTERIDS.] 



40 



[ASTER f. 



Narrow-leaved 
Daisy Fleabean. 



Violet 
Diplopappus. 



Large 
Diplopappus. 



Cornel-leaved 
Diplopappus. 



E. strigosum. Muhl. 

Common. Scattered over every pasture and hill- 
side during most of the summer. 

Diplopappus linariif olius. Hook. (?) 

Abundant. Pine Hill and other bushy pastures. 
I cannot suppose the plant to be anything but this, 
but the short pappus is altogether obscure. Other- 
wise the description perfectly applies. 

D. umbellatus. Torr and Gr. (?) 

Frequent. Fence rows and elsewhere. Very 
plentiful near Beck's Pond, Hamilton. The same 
uncertainty attends this as the preceding. 

D. cornifolius. Darl. (?) 

Occasional. Margins of Dog Hill Swamp. Also, 
in profusion, on the hills S. of Peabody Almshouse. 

SolidagO biCOloi*. L. White-rayed • 

Frequent. A pasture plant, here and there Goldenrod - 
among the huckleberries. 

S. csesia. L. 

Abundant. Most frequent in the woods or recent 
clearings, and in rocky locations. 

S. puberula. Nutt. 

Rare. I have found it in a deserted stone-quarry 
near the N.W. corner of Pine Grove Cemetery. 
Also in the reclaimed fields of Stocker's Swamp, 
Saugus. 

S. stricta. Ait. 
Occasional. Bowler Swamp and similar places. 

S. sempervirens. L. 

Abundant. On the dykes and other places 
around the borders of the marshes. 

Makes a fine garden plant, much frequented by 
the butterflies. — Phippen. 

S. neglecta. T. & G. (?) 

Occasional. Swamps in the neighborhood of 
Stony Brook. 

S. linoides. Solander. 

Occasional. So far only in the swamp east of 
Horse Pasture Spring. 



Blue-stemmed 
Goldenrod. 



Many-flowered 
Goldenrod. 



Willow-leaved 
Goldenrod. 



Seaside 
Goldenrod. 



Smooth 
Goldenrod. 



Slender 
Goldenrod. 



ASTERIDS.] 



50 



[aster f. 



Rough or Tall 
Goldenrod. 



Sweet 
Goldenrod. 



Gray 

Goldenrod. 



S. altissima. L. 

Common. Fence-rows in old grounds where it is 
almost constant. Our most conspicuous, though 
not most elegant species. 

S. odora. Ait. 

Is about Cutlers Pond, Hamilton; and said to 
be in Lynn. 

S. liemoralis. Ait. 

Common. Dry fields and hillsides; the most 
prominent flower in the autumnal scenery. 



Common 

Three-ribbed 

Goldenrod. 

Late 

Three-ribbed 

Goldenrod. 



Bushy 
Goldenrod. 



Elecampane. 



High -water 

Shrub. 



S. Canadensis. L. 

Frequent. Dry and gravelly soils. 

S. serotina. Ait. (?) 

Occasional. Dry and moist lands, and margins 
of swamps. 

S. lanceolata. L. 

Frequent. Alluvial soils. The only species with 
us which has an agreeable odor. 

Inula Heleniimi. L. 

Rare. Escaped from cultivation. Along West- 
ern Ave. In quiet spots in Saugus Center. 

Iva frutescens. L. 

Rare. Only appears on the old dyke at Willis' 
Neck. 



Salt Marsh 
Fleabane. 



Roman 
Wormwood. 



Sea Burdock. 
Cockle-burr. 



Pluchea camphorata. DC. 

Grows on the marsh above Bear Pond, Nahant. 

Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. L. 

Common. Too well-known for any further no- 
tice. 

Xanthium echinatum. Murray. 

Frequent. On shores and beaches, at about high- 
water mark. Also inland, growing freely on the 
beds of sea-manure heaps. 



Cut-leaved 
Rudbeckia. 



Rudbeckia laciniata. L. 

Said to be wild in Lynnfield. 



ASTERIDS.] 



51 



[aster f. 



R. hirta. L. 

Occasional. It appears now and then in the 
meadows and mowings, but seems inconstant as to 
locality. 

Heliantlms divaricatus. L. 

Frequent. Readily found at Stone Factory, 
Boston Street ; also at Linwood. 

H. strumosus. L. 

Frequent. Only in the eastern section, near 
Swampscott. The prevailing form does not fully 
agree with this species, and some might incline to 
call it H. decapetalus. 

H. tuberosus. L. 

Frequent. Getting established in by-places in 
good soil. 

Coreopsis trichosperma. Michx. 

Occasional. Confined entirely to the eastern part 
of the city, beginning about Cedar Pond. Low, 
damp, and marshy spots. 



Cone-flower. 



Cross-leaved 
Sunflower. 



Pale-leaved 
Sunflower. 



Jerusalem 
Artichoke. 



Tickseed 
Sunflower. 



Bidens frondosa. L. 

Common. Cultivated grounds 
attention at seeding-time. 

B. connata. Muhl.* 



sure to invite 



Borders of ponds and streams. 
L. 



Frequent. 

B. cernua. 

Occasional. Border of Moore's Brook, above 
Boston Street, afforded good specimens. 

B. Beckii. Torr. 
Is in Ipswich River. 
Has been collected by G. D. Phippen. 



Cuckoldweed, 
Beggar-ticks. 



Swamp 
Beggar-ticks. 



Nodding 
Burr-Marigold. 



Water 
Marigold. 



Maruta Cotula. DC. 

Common. Yards and roadsides. 



Mayweed. 



* The energy with which this plant establishes itself has of- 
ten appeared remarkable, when I have found the vigorous plants 
growing in the crevices of the bark of trees, three or four feet 
above the ground, where the seeds have been deposited by the 
water, when the pond by which they stood was unusually full. 
A persevering root had in every case followed the retiring water, 
till it had finally reached the earth. 



ASTERIDS.] 
Yarrow. 



Sneezewort, 

G::se-::r.zv.e. 



Ox-eye Daisy, 
White-weed. 



o2 [ASTER F. 

Achillea millefolium. L. 

Common. Always well known. 

A. ptaruiiea. L. 

Occasional. Generally tenants the vicinity of 
streams, but sometimes dry spots, as on the ridge 
of Pine Hill, by the Dungeon Road. Neither Gray 
or Bigelow allude to its slender habit with us it 
has little more strength than a Galium. 

Leueantliemimi vulgare. Lam. 

Common. Universally known and detested by 
cultivators. 



Tansy. Tauaeetimi vulgare. L. 

Common. Escaped from gardens and getting 
troublesome. 

Shore Mugwort Artemisia caudata. Mx. (?) 

I have found sparingly on the beaches at Xahant. 

Mngwort. A. vulgaris. L. 

Very rare. A few plants grew to great perfection 
in the garden of Jesse Rhodes. Esq.. in 1855. I 
have never found it elsewhere. 

Guaplialium decurreus. Ives. 

Rare. I have met a few specimens in cartways 
in the woods : not more than three or four in all. 

G. polyeeplialimi. Michx. 
Abundant. Hills and pastures in light soils. 

G. uligmosum. L. 

Abundant. Cartways and neglected walks, in 
the ruts and broken sward. 

Auteuuaria margaritaeea. R. Br. 

Frequent. Uplands and bushy fields. 

A. plautagriuifolia. Hook. 

Common. Almost everywhere, unless among 
strong grass. Flowers earlier than anything else, 
not excepting Saxafraga Virgin iensis. 

Ereehtliites hieracifolia. Raf. 

Abundant. Certain to appear whenever the soil 
is stirred or burned in the woods. 



Winged 
Ever :-.s: : --:.z. 



Sweet-scented 
Everlasting. 



Low Cudweed. 



Pearly 

Everlasting-. 



Mouse-ear, 
Cat"s Paw. 
Plantain-leaved 
Everlasting. 



Fire-weed. 



ASTERIDS.] 53 [ASTER F. 

SeiieciO Vulgaris. L. Common 

^ » . , . ,1 Groundsel. 

Common. A vexatious weed in gardens, and by 
no means scarce in other places. 

S. aureus. L. Golden 

-r- i ! ^ Ragwort, 

Frequent. Wet places by streams. Grows pro- Golden Senecio. 

fusely at the head of the Bowler Swamp, opposite 

Flax Pond. 

Centaurea nigra. (?) L. Knapweed. 

Rare. I found one specimen on the railroad in 
Swampscott, in 1848 ; but no more. It grows abun- 
dantly on the turnpike at North Chelsea. 

Cirsium lanceolatum. Scop. Common 



Common. Roadsides and fields. 



Thistle. 



C. discolor. Spreng. Two : colored 

Rare. Only to be found to my knowledge at the 
west end of Summer Street. 



Thistle. 



C. puillilum. Spreng. Pasture Thistle. 

Common. Woods and fields, widely distributed. 

C. arvense. Scop. Canada Thistle. 

Frequent. Generally by roadsides, not specially 
odious here. 

OnopordOll acantllium. L. Cotton Thistle. 

Frequent. It seems partial to beds of decayed 
sea manure; it flourishes at Little Nahant, and 
generally where such manure has lain. 

Lappa major. Burdock. 

Common. Too familiar to need further notice. 

Lapsana communis. L. Nipplewort. 

A weed in gardens in S. Salem. — Russell. 

Cichorium intybUS. L. Wild Succory, 

Abundant. Roadsides and railroad banks. Chicory. 

Krigia Virginica. Willd. * Dwarf 

Frequent. Only in the hills, where it starts in Dandelion, 
every open spot, if the ground be broken. 



* Noticeable for the tint of the flowers, which are a full 
orange. No other plant exhibits it here, I believe, unless it is 
the Celandine, Chetidonium ma/us. 



ASTERIDS. 



[ASTER F. 



False Dande- 
lion, Horse 
Dandelion. 



Canada Hawk- 
weed. 



Leontodon autuiimale. L. 

_ Common. Almost universally present in this sec- 
tion. I know no other plant, but the grasses, which 
is so fully distributed. 

Hieracium Canadense. Michx. 
Occasional. Found at Linwood. 



Rough Hawk- 
weed. 



H. scabrum. Michx. 

Abundant. One of the familiar things of the 
woods and fields. 



Rattlesnake 
weed. 



H. venosum. 

Frequent. Sometimes in woods, but more fre- 
quently in open pastures. The veined leaves very 
attractive. 



Rattlesnake 
root. 



Tall white 
Lettuce. 



Dandelion. 



Nabalus albus. Hook. 

Frequent. It appears in many shady copses in 
stony slopes. 

X. altissimus. Hook. 

Abundant. Shady woods, especially if damp 
and free from pines. 

Taraxicum Dens-leonis. Desf. 

Common. I think this plant flowers longer than 
any we have. 



Wild Lettuce. Lactuca elongata. Muhl. 
Common. Pastures and 
guinia being most frequent. 



Mulgedium. 



Common Sow 
Thistle. 



Prickly Sow 
Thistle. 



Mulgedium leucophseum. DC. 

I found on the beaches at Gloucester harbor, 
Sept. 14, 1866. 

Soiichus oleraceus. L. 

Rare. Now and then appears in old cultivated 
grounds, as along Boston Street. 

S. asper. Vill. 

Rare. A few specimens have been secured about 
Berry's Mill, at Waterhill. 



LOBELIDS.] 



55 



[lobelia f. 



LOBELIDS. 



(Lobelia Family.) 

Lobelia cardinalis. L. 

Frequent. Swampy localities and banks of 
streams. 

L. inflata. L. * 

Frequent. Wood roads and neglected fields. 

L. spicata. Lam. 

Frequent. Meadow grounds and sometimes in 
upland fields. 

L. Dortmanna. L. 

Rare. I have found it in Spring Pond and in 
Essex Pond, Hamilton; also in Middleton Pond. 
It usually grows in about two feet of water. 



Cardinal 
Flower. 



Lobelia, Indian 
Tobacco. 



Pale spiked 
Lobelia. 



Water Lobelia. 



Slender 
Bell-flower. 



CAMPANULIDS. 

(Harebell Family.) 

Campanula aparinoides. Pursh. 

Occasional I once found it in a meadow near 
Breed's Mills, but nowhere else in Lynn that I re- 
member. It grows in the meadows in Lynnfield. 

C. rotundifolia, L., the Harebell, appears to 
have been collected near Sutton's Mills, N. Ando- 
ver, in 1850. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 

C. glomerata, L., apparently overlooked by 
both Gray and Bigelow, is said to have been long 
established in Dark Lane, Danvers. — Ibid. 

It is also abundant along the Newburyport Turn- 
pike in the south part of Topsfield. 

Specularia perfoliata. DC. clasping 

Frequent. At Three Needle Rock, near Saugus Speculam. 
River; also through the woods in thin soil upon 
ledges. 



* No more a virulent poison than a mustard plant. I have 
eaten it, drank it, slept upon it, rubbed and bathed with it, and 
never saw the slightest evil from its use; had it been poisonous, 
I must have died long since, unless I possess the stomach of a 
Mithridates. 



KALMIDS-] 



56 [HEATH F. 

KAL31IDS. 



Heath Family.) 



Dangleberry. 



Huckleberrr. 



Cranberry. 



Low Blueberry. 



Blue Huckle- 
berry. 



Gaylussacia frondosa. Torr & Gr. 

Occasional. In Pratt's Pasture, near the pond 
and below a precipitous ledge. Also scattered 
through the woods, near the various swamps. 

G. resinosa. Torr & Gr. 

Abundant. Covering acres of ground, and very 
fruitful when j-oung. 

Vaceiniuni niacroearpon. Ait. 

Abundant. Meadows and ponds. In one place 
at Breed's Mills it formerly grew on a dry upland. 

V. yttis-id.£A, L., the Cowberry has one m 
localities in Danvers. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 

V. Peimsylvaiiicum. Lam. 

Abundant. Our first berry and one of the most 
fruitful, though not the finest. 

T. vac-mans. Sol.0 

Occasional. Very common on the ridge of 
Blood's Swamp Hills, and other like situations. 



Highbush 
Blueberry. 



V. corynibosum. L 

Abundant. Borders of swamps, forming thickets, 
and bearing superb fruit. Flourishing perfectly in 

Salem Pastures. 



Black Blue- 
berry. 



V. fuscatuHi. Ait. 

Abundant. Intermixed with V. corymbosum, and 

only distinguishable by its flowers or fruit. 



Mountain 
Cranberry. 



Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. Spreng. 

Occasional. A fine patch grows in Pratt's Pas- 
ture, and I have it from Rail Hill, near the ceme- 
tery. The finest growth I know of is on the ledges 
at Swain's Pond. "Melrose. 



Trailing 
Arbutus. 
Mayflower 



Epigra?a repeiis. L. 

Very rare. It has been found in the woods be- 
tween'Lynn and Lynnfield. 



KALMIDS.] 



57 



[heath f. 



Galutheria procumbens. L. * 

Abundant. A large spot west of Pan Swamp 
Meadow is covered with it; but fruit is nowhere 
plenty. 



Partridge-berry 
Checkerberry. 



Andromeda lig-ustrina. Muhl. 

Abundant. One of our commonest water-shrubs, 
almost exactly like a blueberry, except in flowers 
and fruit. 

A. polifolia, L., the Rosemary Andromeda, has 
a famous locality at Cedar Pond, Wenham. f 



Privet 
Andromeda. 



A. calyculata. L. 

Occasional. The best locality perhaps, is at the 
head of Bowler Swamp, between Boston and Chest- 
nut Streets. 



Rusty-leaved 
Andromeda. 



Cletlira alnifolia. L. Sweet Pepper- 

bush, 
Abundant. Another of the most common tenants White Alder. 
of the swamp, and one of the most beautiful. 



Rliodora Canadensis. L. 

Rare. Not in Lynn to my knowledge, except in 
one spot on the border of Breed's Pond. A choice 
plant for cultivation. 



Rhodora. 



Azalea VISCOSa. L. Swamp Pink, 
aii t-. i r i ii . White Honey- 
Abundant. Borders of ponds and damp situa- suckle. 

tions. 



* I desire in all cases to give the common or English name 
which is thebest and most widely known ; bnt I cannot engage 
that Partridge-berry , Checkerberry , or Wiiitergreen, mean 
anything definite, or apply to one plant more than another. 
These, like many others, are differently used by different per- 
sons. The student should know this and regulate his confi- 
dence in them accordingly. As to the present case, the Gattl- 
theria is the plant used for flavoring confectionery and essences. 

t This is one of the shrubs so pleasant to buy of the metro- 
politan florists. As much as three dollars has been paid for a 
single bush, when for half that sum a decent wagon-load could 
be brought from Wenham. It makes one think of Pindar's 
cheeses:— 

" Where they were made, they sold for the immense 
Price of three sous apiece; 
But as salt water made their charms increase, 
In England the fixed rate was eighteen pence." 



KALMIDS. 



58 



[heath f. 



Mountain 
Laurel. 



Kalniia latifolia. 

Very rare. I have seen fresh specimens gathered 
in the Vicinity of Pine Hill, but where, I could never 
ascertain. Very fine at Beverly, and magnificent at 
Gloucester. 



Sheep Laurel, 
Lambkill. 



Canker Lettuce. 

Round-leaved 

Pyrola. 



Broad-leaved 
Pyrola. 



Thin-leaved 
Pyrola. 



Small Pyrola. 



One-sided 
Pyrola. 



One-flowered 
Pyrola. 



Prince's Pine. 



Spotted 
Wintergreen. 



K. angustifolia. L. 

Common. Watercourses and damp lands every- 
where. 

K. glauca, the Pale Laurel, is at Cedar Pond, 
Wenham. — S. P. Fowler. Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 

Pyrola rotundifolia. L. 

Common. Shady places and woods, everywhere 
unless the soil be extremely poor. 



P. asarifolia, Michx. 

Occasional. Cold, shady woods, 
it most in Pirates' Glen. 



I have found 



(I am not confident as to this species, as it runs, 
so near P. chlorantha. in some of its forms.) 

P. elliptica. Nutt. 

Frequent. Bears more exposure than P. asarifo- 
lia, but generally thrives only under thick pines. 

P. clilorantlia. Swartz. 

Rare. Pirates' Glen and a few other shady spots. 

P. secunda. L. 

Rare. This, like the last, I have found in Pirates' 
Glen, but seldom elsewhere in this vicinity. 

Moneses uniflora. Salisb. 

Very rare. My only specimens were from Sau- 
gus, but it is now extinct there, and has since been 
found near Dungeon Rock. Quite frequent in the 
James Newhall pasture, between E. Saugus and the 
Centre. 

Cliimapkila umbellata. Nutt. 

Abundant. Shady, cool woods in good soil. 

C. maculata. Pursh. 

Is sparingly found on the south side of Middleton 
Pond. Also in Saugus. — Dr. Clark. 



AQUIFOLIDS.] 



59 



[holly f. 



Hypopitys lanuginosa. Nutt. 

Occasional. To be found in pine woods, burst- drops, 
ing up through decaying leaves. 



Monotropa uniflora. L. 

Frequent. Generally in pine woods, in the deep 
loose mould. 

Var. morisoniana, Mx., with erect flowers, is 
frequent, appearing at the close of the season. 



Pine-sap, 
False Beech- 



Indian Pipe. 



AQUIFOLIDS. 

(Holly Family.) 

Prinos verticillatus. L. 

Abundant. Swamps and pond borders. 
Ilex glabra. Gray. 

I have found abundant in the Magnolia Swamp, 
Gloucester. 

Nemopanthes Canadensis. 

Occasional. Cool places in rich, alluvial soil. 



Black Alder. 



Inkberry. 



Mountain 
Holly. 



PLANTIDS. 

(Plantain Family.) 

Plantago major. L. 

Common. Familiar to all. 

P. lanceolata. L. 

Common. Gardens and fields. 

P. maritima. L. 

Frequent. Marshes. Rocks washed by the sea 
along the whole coast. In seeking for this, the 
student is liable to be misled, as I was, formerly, by 
the spikes of the Marsh Arrow-Grass, which see 
further on. 



Plantain. 



Narrow 
Plantain. 



Seaside 
Plantain. 



PLUMBIDS. 

(Leadwort Family.) 

Statice Limonium. L. 

Frequent. On the salt marshes within the range 
of high tides. 



Marsh 
Rosemary. 



PRIMUL1DS.] 



60 



"PRIMROSE F. 



5:^.---.:— er. 



'Szr.z':.'. 









PRI3irLIDS. 

(Primrose Family 

Trientalis Americana. Pursh. 

Abundant. I know no better locality than the 
summit of Second Pine Hill. 

Ly>imaehia stricta. Ait 

Common. Damp grounds and brooksides. The 
bulbif erous state is not unusual. 

L, quadrifolia. L. 
Common. Inhabits meadows and hilltops indis- 

:~r/.;r_ :.:t>~. 



L. lanceolata, 



Walt 

abundant in a low place between 
al Streets. The only locality I 



r iz-.ti 

L : : -r=:. ".:'r 



Infire:: 
rri:..e:::; 



2samnbargia tliyrsitlora. Reic':. 

I have found in the swampy woods by the Turn- 
pike, east of Spring Pond. 

Anagrallis arvensis. L. * 

Frequent. Cultivated grounds and dry fields. 
Also on the rocks at Xahant. fine specimens. 



Hottouia inrlata. Ell. 

Frequent. Swampy edges of Breed's Pond and 
the tributary brooks. 



UTRICTLIDS. 



Ir.fitrf 



r.rt'.r 

z. i._r • ■-:::. 



(Bladderwort Family.) 

I triciilaria inrlata. WaL: 
Frequent Lily Pond and others of its ciass. 

U. purpurea, Walt 

Rare. Hardly in Lynn. A stagnant pond east 
of Lynnfield Hotel furnishes it in abundance. 

Ipswich River.— Phippen. 



* >-: ..:.z- : '.-.r-c :s r. : r.zr/i f. " e: "■'. 5r ::'.:r ::r.:=5 rv. re 
nearly to a pore red than this. The remarkable range of hues 
attributed to it by Gray seems to have no example so far as this 

::. .:. :i :.r.:-~tz 



OROBANCHIDS.] 



61 



[broomrape f. 



U. vulgaris. L. (?) 

Common. In all ponds and sluggish waters. 

U. intermedia. Hayne. 

Occasional. Muddy sloughs near turnpike at 
Glenmere ; also plentiful in a meadow reclaimed 
from Bowler Swamp, near the Cemetery. 

U. carnuta, Michx., the Horned Bladderwort, 
a singular, leafless species grows scantily in springy 
places at Norman's Woe, Gloucester. 

Also at Rocks Pasture, Lynn, and in Lynnfield. 
— Chute. 



Common 
Bladderwort. 



Creeping 
Bladderwort. 



OROBANCHIDS. 

(Broomrape Family.) 

Epiphegus Virginiana, Bart., Beech Drops or 
Cancer Root, is very abundant in the beech woods 
of Hamilton, southwest of Essex Pond. 

Aphyllon uniflorum. Torr. & Gr. 

Very rare. I once found a single specimen near 
Breed's Mills, and a few more on Burrill's Hill. 



One-flowered 
Cancer-root. 



LINARIDS. 

(Snapdragon Family.) 

Verbascum Thapsus. L. 

Common. Perfectly known. 

Linaria Canadensis. Spreng. 
Common. Roadsides and dry fields. 

Li. vulgaris. Mill. 

Common. Roadsides and like places. 

L. elatine, Miller. The Halbert-leaved Toad- 
flax is naturalized at Ipswich. — Proc.Ess.Inst.,i&$6. 

Scrophularia nodosa. L. Figwort. 

Very rare. I doubt if in Lynn at all. It was for- 
merly in one spot on Washington Street. I have 
found it at North Andover. 



Mullein. 



Canada 
Snapdragon . 



Toad Flax, 
Butter and 
Eggs. 



Chelone glabra. 

Low ground and open swamps. 



Balmony, 
Snake-head. 



Golden Hedge- 
Hyssop. 



False 

P::v.perr.el. 



LINARIDS.] 62 [SNAPDRAGON F. 

Monkey-flower. MimillUS ringeilS. L. 

Frequent. Along streams; especially Strawberry 
Brook, below Bowler Meadow. 

Hedge-Hyssop. Gratiola Virginiana. L. 

Frequent. Wet places, pond borders, associated 
with the next. 

G. aurea. Muhl. 

Frequent. Generally in the same places as the 
previous, and hard to distinguish except by the 
color of the flower. 

Ilysantkes gratioloid.es. Benth. 

Occasional. Muddy borders of ponds and 
streams. 

Veronica Anagallis. L. 

Abundant. So thick in many ditches as to al- 
most choke them up. Margins of Breed's Pond and 
like places. 

A', scutellata. L. 

Frequent. Wet places. Less plentiful than V. 
Anagallis., and apparently much later. 

V. officinalis. L. 

I found, in 1876. a fine patch by the roadside at 
'• BurrilTs Landing," S.W. of Dungeon Rock. 

V. serpyllifolia. L. 

Common. Creeps among the grass in cool 
ground. 

V. perigrina. L. 

Abundant. A troublesome weed in gardens. 



Water 

Sprr-We".. 



Marsh 
^ptedweli 



Common 
Speedwell. 



Thyme-leaved 
Speedwell. 



Neckweed. 



Corn Speedwell V. arvensis. L. (?) 

Rare. A few depauperate plants grew formerly 
by Holmes' Mill. Walnut Street. On gravelly 
banks at Xahant. 



Purple 
Getai iia. 



Gerardia pnrpurea. L 

Abundant. Meadows and damp lands. 

G. mariti.ma, Raf. The Seaside Gerardia. I 
found in the autumn of 1S61. a fine patch on the 
marsh between Sagamore Hill and Beach Street, 
near Long Beach. In good flower and well deter- 
mined. 



Yellow 
Lousewort. 



Cow Wheat. 



VERBENIDS.] 63 [VERVAIN F. 

G. tenuifolia. Vahl. ISia 

Abundant. Uplands and warm pasture slopes. 

Occasional. In the E. section, near Swampscott. 

G. pediCUlariS. L. Bush y Gerardia 

Frequent. Formerly near Echo Grove. 

Castilleia coccinnea. Spreng. Painted Cup. 

The yellow variety of this abounds in a meadow 
near the Meeting House, Topsfield. 

Pedicularis Canadensis. L. moTSW 

Frequent. Sunny banks among bushes, general- 
ly in rich, moist soil. 

P. lanceolata. Mx. 

I think I found this near Shute's Brook, above 
the railroad station, Saugus Centre. 

Melampyrum pratense. L. 

Var. Americanum. Benth. 

Abundant. Shady woods and pastures. A diffi- 
cult thing to transplant, withering even when taken 
up with a large ball of earth. 

VERBENIDS. 

(Vervain Family) 
Verbena hastata. L. Blue Vervain. 

Very rare. I have not seen it in Lynn. Reported 
by Dr. Holder in the neighborhood of Chatham 
Street, above Essex. Also at Saugus. 

V. urticifolia. L. Nettle-leaved 

Vervain. 
Common. Roadsides and fields. 

Pliryma leptostachya. L. Lopseed. 

Is found on the Newburyport Turnpike, near 
Middle Road, Danvers. 

MENTHIDS. 

(Mint Family.) 

Mentha viridis. L. Spearmint 

May be found at Stocker's Brickyard, E. Saugus. 



MENTHIDS.] 
Peppermint. 



64 



[mint f 



31. piperita. L. 

Abounds at the Foundry on Weare River. Hing- 
is am. 



Meadow-mint. 



Water 
Hoarhoimd. 



Pennyroyal. 



Wild 



31. Canadensis. L. 

Abundant. Meadows and brooksides. 

Lycopus sinuatus. Ell. 
Abundant. Wet grounds and streams. 

Hedeonia pulegioides. Pers. 

Frequent. Neglected fields to some extent, but 
more in pastures and open woods. Smaller than 
specimens from further inland. 

Monarda fistnlosa. L. 

Grows at N. Andover on the southwest side of 
Great Pond. 



Catnip. 



Ground Ivy. 
Gill-over- 
ground. 



Xepeta eataria. L. 

Rare. Sparingly at Nahant, and occasionally in 
Lynn, but always near some old garden. 

X. Grlechonia. Benth. 

Frequent. About dwellings and old garden 
walls. 



Wild Basil. 



Mountain Mint. 



Pycnanthenium incanuni. Michx. 

Rare. Only found thus far on the southern 
slope of Linwood. 

P. niuticnni. Pers. 

Very rare. Grows sparingly in damp spots in 
Swampscott. 

Thymus serpyllum. L., the Garden Thyme, 
grows in Boxford. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 1S56. 



Self-heal. Prunella vulgaris. L. 

Common. Generally an upiant 
easily suited with soil. 



plant but very 



Scuil-cap. Scutellaria gralericulata. L. 

Rare. In the eastern part of the city — 7- 
Grows finely at Lily Pond. Manchester. Also at 
Peters' Meadow. Danrers. 



SYMPHYTIDS.] 



65 



[borage f. 



S. lateriflora. L. 

Frequent. Gravelly banks of ponds. 

Liamium purpureum. (?) L. 

Occasional. An intrusive weed in old gardens 
as those on Boston Street, near Federal. 



Side-flowering 
Scullcap. 



Henbit, 
Dead Nettle. 



Motherwort. 



Common 
Hemp-Nettle. 



Lieoimrus corcliaca. L. 

Common. Familiar to all. 

Galeopsis tetraliit. L. 

Rare. Grew formerly between Federal and Mall 
Streets. 

Stachys palustris, L., the Marsh Hedge 
Nettle, appears in Ipswich and elsewhere. — Proc. 
Ess. Inst., 1856. 

Tricliostema dichotomum. L. BiueCuris, 

Common. Pastures and fields, especially in the ™H ?enny " 

hills. 
A variety with red flowers occurs on the railroad 

between S. Reading and Lynnfield Hotel. — A. P. 

Chute. 



Teucrium Canadense. L. 

Occasional. I find it only on upland hillocks and 
margins, about the marshes east of the Long Rail- 
road Bridge, Saugus River. I found, in 1859, a 
form with pink flowers growing very rankly round 
old yards in N. Andover. 



Germander, 
Wood Sage. 



SYMPHYTIDS. 

(Borage Family.) 

Ecllium VUlgare. L. Blue-weed. 

Very rare. A few specimens found on Walnut 
Street on a manure bed. 

Seed no doubt brought from abroad.— Dr. Nye. 

MyOSOtis laxa. Lehm. Forget-me-not. 

Occasional. Pirates' Glen ; other wet situations. 

M. Strict a. Link. Scorpion-grass. 

Abundant. A little weed on the hillsides, of 
small consequence. 



CONVOLVULIDS.] 



(36 



[morning-glory f. 



Beggar's Lice. Cynog-Jossum Morisoni. DC. 

Found on the south side of Flax Pond, in one 
instance. 

stickseed. Ecliinospernum Liappula. Lehm. 

Is at N. Andover, 1859. — Russell. 



CONVOLVULIDS. 



Hedge 
Bindweed. 



Bindweed. 



Common 
Dodder. 



(Morning-Glory Family.) 

Calystegla sepium. R. Br. 

Frequent. Climbing on walls in many places. 

Convolvulus arvensis. L. 

Frequent. Formerly abundant near Ingalls' 
Pond, Fayette Street. Also in cultivated land 
about N. Federal Street. 

Cuscuta epii.inum, Weihe., the Flax Dodder, 
has been found in Rowley. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856. 

Cuscuta Gronovii. Willd. 

Frequent. Damp and weedy situations, climbing 
on Bidens, Polygonums, etc. 



SOLAMDS. 

(Nightshade Family.) 

Thorn-apple, Datura Stramonium. L. 

weed? Q1 Common. Old grounds and rich places. It 

seems partial to beds of decayed sea-manure, and 
is commonest near the beaches. 



Black Henbane. 



Apple of 
Peru. 



Hyoscyamus niger. L. 

Very rare. At the north end of Short Beach, 
Nahant, is the principal locality. A plant now and 
then in old, rich yards. 

Nicandra physaloicles. Gaert. 

Rare. I have seen it in yards in Summer and S. 
Common Streets, but sparingly. Becoming moie 
plentiful as an intruder in gardens in West Lynn. 



GENTIANIDS.] 



67 



[gentian f. 



Solonuin dulcamara. L. * 

Abundant. Brooksides and thickets. 

S. nigrum. L. 

A few plants have been found on Short Beach, 
Nahant, and also on Lynn Common. 



Woody 
Nightshade. 



Common 

Nightshade. 



GENTIANIDS. 

(Gentian Family.) 

Gentiana crinita. Frcel. 

Occasional. Fresh marsh and like situations. 

G. Andrewsii. Grise. 

Very rare. Fay estate. Have considerable 
doubt as to this ; it seems not to be the common 
species of N. England, known as G. saponaria. 

Menyanthes trif oliata. L. f 

Rare. Plentiful along Shute's Brook at the rail- 
road station, Saugus Centre. Also in a muddy 
slough in the eastern part of Rocks Pasture. 

Limnanthemum lacunosum. Grise. 

Frequent. Ponds, with the different water lilies. 



Fringed 
Gentian. 



Closed 
Gentian. 



Buck Bean. 



Floating Heart. 



APOCYNIDS. 

(Dogsbane Family.) 

Apocyiium androssemifolium. L. 

Common. Woods and uplands. 



Dogsbane, 
Flytrap. 



* This plant is often spoken of as the Deadly Nightshade, a 
name which properly belongs to the Atropa Belladonna, L. 
The two are readily distinguished by the fruit, which in the 
Atropa is black, but a brilliant red in the other. The true Dead- 
ly Nightshade is a rare plant in all parts, and the Solatium Nig- 
rum, L., the Common Nightshade, which somewhat resembles 
it, is not, I think, to be found in this vicinity. 

t Any one who has access to a brookside or other wet place 
may cultivate this elegant plant without trouble; and be re- 
warded with flowers as fine as hyacinths. 



.-. : :::?::; 



[milkweed f, 



:*; c~~z 






ASCLEPIDS. 

(Milkweed Family.) 

Aselepias Cornuri. Dezalsnt. 
Common. Fencerows and edges of cultivated 

.mis. 

A. phytolaeeoides. Furs::. 

0::_s::n_.l. S::t':trei pasrares and r'ririnrs in 
the woods. 

A. qaacLrifolia. Jacq.* 

Rare. I have met with it once or twice in Dun- 
g-eon ?is:urr. and :ne neUa: :~ni- lands. 

A. iucarnata. 

Common. Watercourses and low grounds : some- 
times in uplands, but more rarely. 

A. vertlcillata. L. 



.. --.r _ r r 



'»_...= -•-' -'-C.--.r_. 



it in 1862, on the rocky hill at Edward Stone's 
house. Boston Street, near the Cemetery in consid- 
erable quantity, with Sempcrvvuum. 



.-r.-e:. 



V. .-.::= A = r. 



e:_-._ a- 



OLID*. 

(Olive Family.) 

Ligustrimi vulgare. L. 

Common. Everywhere on the hills in the south- 
ern part of the town. 

Fraxinus Americana. I. - : 

Occasional. Hardly as frequent as the next, 
though I confess to some indecision about both 
species. 

F. sambucifolia. Lam.(?) 
Woods and borders of fields, as at LinwoocL 

* I do not understand how this plant has so Ion? escaped cul- 
tivation. Its beauty cannot be questioned, and it would no 

.:..:: tr i :- 1 -i:_r- ,::'. per:'i::'.y. 



CHENOPIDS.l 69 [GOOSEFOOT F. 



APETALOUS EXOGErSTS. 



CHENOPIDS. 

(Goosefoot Family.) 

SalSOla kali. L. Saltwort. 

Common. On the various beaches near high- 
water mark. 

Suaecla maritima. Moquin. Salt Goosefoot. 

Abundant. Borders of all the salt marshes. 

Salicornia herbacea. L. Samphire. 

Common. On the marshes wherever the sea has 
access. 

Salicornia ambigua, Michx., the Creeping 
Glasswort, may be found at Gloucester. — Proc. Ess. 
Inst. 

Clienopodium g-lauCUlll. L. Oak leaved 

_ , , . .1, irT-i ttmi Goosefoot. 

I found in 1861, in the barnyard of Isaiah Hill, 

Summer Street. Also previously at Marblehead 

Neck, near the beach. 

C. liybridlim. L. Maple-leaved 

I found at North Andover in 1859. Goosefoot. 

C. album. L. Pigweed. 

Common. A weed in every garden. 

C. UrbiCUUl. L. vTriangular- 

leaved 

Occasional. About dwellings and yards. Goosefoot. 

Ambrina anthelmintica. Spach. Wormseed. 

Rare. Found on a manure bed on Holyoke 
Street. Also in Glenmere. 

Atriplex patula. L. Spreading 

Abundant. Along the Eastern Railroad, and the 
margin of all marshes. 

A plant of this family, which seems undescribed 
by Gray, grows on Short Beach, Nahant. It may 
possibly be an Obione. 



A31A.R AXT H.LD > . 

A. LvV:,ri». 1 



PHTIOLIDS. 



POLYCrijVrDv 



r^l PoIyi--:>rii 

. KB - _ 

ii: : . i i : i 


im Pc 


i.i :- :";.-.-; P. j«-rr>:-: 


" : : ;* ' 



^i.-'.'-: P. ii^'dr-'i'T-iT-Tr'. - 

r :::::::: i ":•:! ::: ~:i;: i.r_ir. :ii "<'<"t.l 



P. h vdropiperoide*. Mack*. 



: "*" " '. . : i s : : i. : : :. ; . : :; = 



.i..-: ::•:: Hi - :':_:.: :i= res: jz^::~tr_5 i: 
Great Pood, X. Aradorer. Hanifly ttMnnk it is im 
— 7 — - 
P. ariculare. L 



_:--.:i ::-::i:::.::-:i:.-:i:::.:: I:iz.j 



LAURIDS. 



71 



[sassafras f. 



P. tenue. Michx. 

Rare. Now and then appearing in gravel pits, 
and along some by-roads. 

Polygonum articulatum, L., Var. Multi- 
plex, the Jointweed has been met with at Ipswich 
and very abundantly at Groveland. — Proc. Ess. 
Inst. Also on the railroad between Lynnfield and 
S. Reading, abundantly. 

P. arifolium. L. 

Frequent. Dense and secluded thickets and 
swamps. 

P. sagittatum. L. 

Common. Swamps and meadows. 

P. convolvulus. L. 

Common. Gardens and fields. 

P. d umetorum. L. (?) 

Frequent. Running on walls and bushes. 

Fagopyrum esculentum. Moench. 

Occasional. Naturalized to some extent. I have 
found it on Lynn Common. 

Runiex salicifolius. Hook. (?) 

Frequent. Nahant; on the beach and elsewhere. 

R. obtusifolius. L. 

Common. Damp cultivated grounds. 

R. crispus. L. 

Common. Needs no description. 

R. acetosella. L. 

Common. Pastures and fields. The abundance 
of the plant appears to be inversely as the richness 
of the soil. 



Slender 
Knotgrass. 



Larger 
Scratchgrass. 



Common 

Scratchgrass, 
Tear-thumb. 

Black Bindweed 
Wild Bean. 



Climbing False 
Buckwheat. 



Buckwheat. 



White Dock, 

Willow-leaved 

Dock. 

Bitter Dock. 



Curled Dock, 
Yellow Dock. 



Common 
Sorrel. 



LAURIDS. 

(Sassafras Family.) 

Sassafras officinale. Nees. Sassafras. 

Frequent. Seldom grows large with us. I have 
seen it ten or fifteen feet high at Baker's Hills, Sau- 
gus, and about the same size on a knoll in Pan 
Swamp Meadow. 



THYMELIDS.] 

Spice Wood, 
Fever-bush. 



72 [mezereon f. 

Benzoin ocloriferiuri. Nees. 

Occasional. Pirates' Glen, and in the swamp 
along Stony Brook, near Linwood Street. The 
south side of Bennet's Swamp is a better localitv 
still. 



Mere: eurr. 



THY3IELIDS. 

(Mezereon Family.) 

Daphne 3Iezereuni. L. 

Occasional. Paradise Woods. Swampscott. 



False 

I:ai-f_ax. 



SAXTAEIDS. 

(Sandalwood Family.) 

Coniandra nnibellata. Nutt. * 
Abundant. Rocky hills and pastures. 



Watet 

Starwort. 



Narrow-leaved 

Starwort. 



CAIAJTREDS. 

(Water-Starwort Family.) 

Callitriehe verna. L. 

Frequent. Running waters with muddy bottoms. 

C. linearis. Pursh. 
Stagnant ponds and slow streams. 



EITHORBIDS. 

(Spurge Family.) 

Sun Spurge. Euphorbia helioseopia. L. 

A few plants found at E. Saugus in a lot on Bos- 
ton Street, beside the railroad, south side of the 
street. Otherwise not found. 



*The sharp-eyed student will notice the strange manner in 
which the anthers of this species are tied down "with threads. 
and if he fee!- reason 

rlants, and this is one of 
them. 



ULMIDS.] 73 [elm f. 

E. Esilla. L. Leafy Spurge, 

Queen Anne. 
Common. About old dwellings. An emigrant 
from the garden. Near Devil's Den, Newburyport, 
it nourishes in the gravel of the railroad in a very- 
peculiar form. 

E. polygOIlifolia. L. Seaside Spurge. 

Frequent. Beaches at Nahant, especially Long 
Beach. 

AcalypUa Virginiea. L. Three-seeded 

Common. Yards and rubbish heaps. 



ULMIDS. 

(Elm Family.) 

UlmilS Americana. L. American Elm. 

Frequent. Generally in wet places, but not 
always. 

CeltiS OCCideiltalis. L. Hackberry. 

Is said to grow in Great Pastures, between Lynn 
and Salem. — Robinson. 

Urtica dioica. L. Common 

Nettle. 
Occasional. Old gardens and weedy yards. 

U. UrenS. L. Small Nettle. 

Occasional. Now and then to be found about 
old yards in the eastern part of the city. 

Pilea pumila. Clearweed, 

Common. Gardens and manure beds. Nettfe eSS 

Bochmeria cylindrica. Willd. False Nettle. 

Occasional. Along the brook in Marion Street, 
and on the edge of several different streams. 

Cannabis sativa. L. Hemp. 

Occasional. Old gardens and weedy yards. 



PLATAXIDS.] 74 [BUTTOXWOOD F. 

PLATAXIDS. 

(Buttoxwood Family.) 

Buttcnwood. Platanus occidentalis. L. 

Frequent. Here and there in the woods, seem- 
ingly escaped from cultivation. 



Pignut, 
Hickory. 



JUGLANIDS. 

(Walnut Family.) 

Carya glabra. Torr. 

Abundant. Forms large tracts of young woods in 
Dungeon Pasture and vicinity. 



White Oak. 



Swamp 
Chestnut Oak. 



Scrub Oak. 



Swamp 
White Oak. 



)uercitronOak, 
{lack Oak. 



Scarlet Oak. 



QUEKNIDS. 

(Oak Family.) 

Quercus alba. L. 

Common. Woods and copses. 

Q. Priruus. L. 

Formerly abundant in and about the ''Johnson 
Swamp," between Laighton Street and Beacon Hill 
Avenue. Mostly destroyed. 

O. prixoides, Willd.. the Chinquapin Oak, was 
found on the Town Farm, Peabody, at a meeting of 
the Essex Institute, in June. 1857. A single bush 
was identified by me in 1886 on the summit of 
•• Mount Tabor," near " Penny Brook,"' Lynn. 

Q. illicifolia. Wang. 

Frequent. Dry hills, forming rough thickets, 
alike destructive to the clothes and comfort of the 
wood ranger. 

Q. bicolar. Willd. 

Common. Low grounds. 

Q. tinctoria. Bart. 

Occasional. Woods in dry soil. 

Q. coccinea. Wang. 

Frequent. A heavy tree, scattered about in open 
lands. 



MYRIDS.] 75 [BAYBERRY F. 

Castanea vesca. L. chestnut. 

Rare. Grows finely in Lynnfield, but not at all, 
as is believed, in Lynn. 

Fag-us ferruginea. Ait. Beech. 

Occasional. Scattered through the Ox Pasture, 
toward Lynnfield. A tree or two grow in Pratt's 
Pasture, and a few remain in Linwood. 

Corylus Americana. Walt. Hazel Nut. 

Frequent. Old pastures and fence rows. Fruit 
seldom plentiful. 

C. rostrata. Ait. Beaked 

Grows in Saugus and has been produced at Field 
Meetings of the Essex Institute. 

Carpinus Americana. Mx. American 

Rare. Formerly common in Linnean Grove, but 
hardly anywhere else. 

Ostrya Virginica. Willd. Lever Wood, 

Hop Hornbeam 

MYRIDS. 

(Bayberry Family.) 

Myrica Gale. L. Sweet Gale, 

Abundant. Apparently confined to the western Dutch Myrtle! 
end of the township. 

M. Cerifera. L. Bayberry. 

Common. Pastures and woodlands. 

Comptonia asplenifolia. Ait. Sweet Fern. 

Common. Perfectly familiar. 

BETITLIDS. 

(Birch Family.) 

Betula popillif Olia. Ait. White Birch. 

Common. Formerly covering many acres near 
the house of N. C. Hutchinson. 

B. papyracea. Ait. Paper Birch, 

Is abundant, as I think along the Spicket River, Canoe Birch - 
in Methuen. 



POP U LIDS.] 



76 



[willow f. 



Red Birch, 
River Birch. 



bellow Birch. 



Cherry Birch, 
Black Birch. 



Speckled Alder. 



Common Alder. 



B. nigra. L. (?) 

Occasional. Three trees stand on the side of 
Forest Rock, in Pine Grove Cemetery, which do 
not appear to be B. excelsa, and certainly are not B. 
lenta. If they are not this species, they can hardly 
be included in Gray's enumeration. 

B. excelsa. Ait. 

Frequent. Scattered through the woods and 
swamps. 

B. lenta. L. 

Rare. I have never found a specimen in Lynn, 
but it has been gathered in former times by others, 
and may still be found sparingly. 

A low birch grows on the shores of Great Pond, 
N. Andover, which is either B. fiumila, L., or else 
the dwarf B. fiapyracea, which, quere. 

Alnus incana. Willd. 

Is plentiful along Shute's Brook, near the rail- 
road station, Saugus Centre. And likewise in the 
swamps below the residence of E. B. Phillips. 
Swampscott. 

A. serrulata. Ait. 

Common. Sure to appear wherever there is 
water. 



Low Bush 
Willow. 



Swamp Willow, 
Pussy Willow. 



Hoary Willow. 



POPTJLIDS. 

(Willow Family.) 

Salix liuniilis. Marshall. 

Frequent. I suppose this, and possibly ^S*. tristis, 
Ait., and -5". discolor, Muhl, are so blended in our 
flora as to make good distinction difficult. 

S. eriocephala. Michx. (?) 

Frequent. Meadows and streams, sometimes 
migrating to the uplands. The " Pussy Willow " 
may comprise more than one species, and I am not 
well satisfied as to this one in particular. 

S. Candida. Willd. 

A small bush near Holmes' Pond, and another 
on the hillside east of Breed's Pond, are of this 
species possibly. They are quite distinct, and I 
cannot otherwise determine them. 



PINIDS.] 77 [pine f. 

S. alba. L. Yellow Willow. 

Var. VlTELLINA. 

Common. Thoroughly naturalized in wet situa- 
tions. Probably several varieties are found with 
us. 

PopuluS tremuloides. Michx. American 

Frequent. Scattered through the woods, but 
seldom attaining any great size. 

P. grandidentata. Michx. Tooth-leaved 

Frequent. Woods near Breed's Pond. The Poplan 
most elegant poplar we have. 



GYMISTOSPEKMOUS EXOGENS. 



PINIDS. 

(Pine Family.) 

Pinus riglda. Miller. Pitch Pine. 

Common. Extensively distributed all over the 
dry and rocky pastures in the southern part of the 
territory. 

P. StrODUS. L. White Pine. 

Common. Not partial to light soils, but growing 
vigorously in low lands. Greatest height with us 
about one hundred feet. 

Abies Canadensis. Michx. Hemlock. 

Frequent. Scattered, or forming groves, but 
rarely attaining much magnitude. 

Larix Americana. Michx. Black Larch, 

Occasional. Grows in Tomlin's Swamp and sim- Hacmatac - 
ilar places toward Lynnfield. Seldom large. 



ARIDS.] 
White Cedar. 



Juniper, 
Horse Savin. 



Red Cedar. 



78 [WAKE-ROBIX F. 

Cupressus tliyoicles. L. 

Frequent. Fills a swamp at Swampscott, and 
another, of fine trees, near Birch Brook Pond, near 
Mr. H. B. Newhall's farm-house. 

Juniperus communis. L. * 

Common. Pastures and hills. 

J. Virginiana. L. f 

Common. The undisputed tenant of all rocky 
and sterile hills. 



EjSTDOGE^S. 



ARIDS. 

(Wake-Robix Family.) 

Indian Turnip. Arum tripMlluill. L. 

Adundant. In every wet, rich thicket. The 
striped or variegated form is frequent here, as in 
other places. 

Arrow Arum. Peltandra Virginica. Raf. 

Occasional. Along the banks of brooks. 

Water Arum. Calla palustris. L. % 

Frequent. At Penny Bridge Brook, in large 
quantity. 



* The largest specimen I have seen formerly grew on Second 
Pine Hill, being some two hundred feet in circumference. It 
was burnt in 1852. 

t A tree stood formerly on what is known as Pigsty Rock or 
Big Cedar Hill, worthy to be styled the Patriarch. It measured 
over seven feet in girth in 1844, with a proportionate height. 

t I am led to suspect that many are unware that the secluded 
waters afford this younger sister of the fine Calla Ethiofica of 
the greenhouse. It is somewhat more modest but hardly less 
charming than the other, and would prove an ornament to the 
aquarium or artificial pond. 



TYPHIDS.] 79 [CAT-TAIL F. 

SyniplOCarpUS foetidllS. Salisb. Skunk Cabbage 

Abundant. In all wet grounds. Familiar. 

Acorus calamus. L. Sweet Flag. 

Occasional. Most easily found on the brackish 
banks of Strawberry Brook, just above Cottage 
Street. 



TYPHIDS. 

(Cat-Tail Family.) 

Typlia latifolia. L. Cat Tail. 

Frequent. Fresh marshes and stagnant ponds. 

Sparganium ramosum. Hudson. Burr Reed. 

Frequent. Ditches and muddy streams. A ditch 
in Bridge Street gives good specimens. 

S. Americanum. Nutt. S mall £ r J 

... , „ , , , Burr Reed. 

Abundant. In almost all muddy places. 

S. natans. L. Sparganium. 

Frequent. Margins of Breed's Pond, and other 



like places. 



ZOSTERIDS. 

(Sea-Wrack Family.) 

Zostera marina. L. Eel-grass. 

Abundant. In the harbor, and every salt-water 
ditch beyond low-water mark. 

Potamogeton natans. L. Floating 

Frequent. Most of the ponds. 

P. heterophyllus. Schreber. Slender 

Frequent. Ponds in shallow water; Bartholo- ° n wee 
mew's Pond, in Peabody, for instance. 

P. lucenS. L. Thin-leaved 

Occasional. _ Only known to be at Breed's Pond, ° n wee ' 
but probably in other waters also. My specimens 
were all imperfect, so that the name is partly con- 
jectural. 



ALISMIDS.] 



80 



[water-plantain f. 



Clasping 
Pondweed. 



Narrow-leaved 
Pondweed. 



P. perfoliatus. L. 

Abundant. Strawberry Brook. 

P. pauciflorus. Pursh. (?) 

Abundant. Strawberry Brook at the tan yard. 
with the last, forming dense mats on the water. 

Potamogeton sp. (?) This is from Wenham 
Pond, and not a perfect specimen. For some time 
I regarded it as P. perfoliatus, but this idea was 
set aside by finding that species afterward. As it 
seems not to agree with any species noticed by 
Gray, I would give a description, but the specimens 
are unfortunately destroyed. 



Marsh 

Arrowgrass . 



Water 

Plaintain. 



ALISMIDS. 

(Water-Plantain Family.) 

Trigroclim niaritiriiuni. L. 

Abundant. Scattered thickly over the salt marsh- 
es, forming annular patches. The spike might 
easily be taken for that of a plaintain. 

Alisroa plantago. 

Frequent. Water-courses and borders of ponds. 



Arrowhead. Sagittaria variabilis. Engelm. 



Common. Everywhere in wet places. The in- 
numerable forms are all included in this species. 



Twayblade. 



Large 
Coral-root. 



Late Coral-root. 



Pale Green 
Orchis. 



ORCHIDS. 

(Orchis Family.) 

Liparis Loeselii. Rich. 
Very rare. Formerly along Stacey's Brook. 

Corallorliiza multiflora. Nutt. 

Rare. Scattered on Blood Swamp Hills, west of 
Dungeon Rock and so southward. 

C. odoiitorhiza. Nutt. 

Rare. Rather plentiful on the east side of Ed- 
wards' Swamp. 

Gymiiadeiiia trideiitata. Lindl. 

Rare. I have found a single specimen in Salem 
Pasture. 



ORCHIDS.] 81 [ORCHIS F. 

Platantliera flava. Gray. Yellowish 

Occasional. In the neighborhood of Birch Pond. 

P. Iblepliarig-lottis. Lindl. White Fringed 

Very rare. Not in Lynn. 0rchis - 

Possibly in the meadow lands at Swampscott, 

but this admits of doubt. — Dr.Holder. 

It belongs to the flora of Cape Ann, rather than 

ours, being frequent in the Magnolia Swamp. 

P. lacera. Gray. Ragged Orchis. 

Common. Our most common species, distributed 
largely in all damp lands. 

P. psyCOdeS. Gray. Small Purple 

Occasional. Swamps and other wet situations. Frin & ed 0rchis - 

P. fimbriata. Lindl. L a . r & e Purple 

_ , . . Fringed Orchis. 

Very rare. Only one specimen reported. 

P. OrbiCUlata. Lindl. Round-leaved 

Very rare. One specimen on the south side of rc 1S " 
Mt. Nebo, at " Pilgrim's Rest," Aug. 23, 1885. 

Aretlmsa bulbosa. L. Arethusa. 

Rare. Confined to the eastern part of the city. 
I have it from Rock's Pasture. 

PogOllia OplliOglOSSOideS. Nutt. Adder's 

Frequent. Meadows and bogs, widely distributed. Arethusa. 

CalopOg-OIl pulcliellus. R. Br. Cymbidium. 

Frequent. In company with the last, usually, 
but not quite as plentiful. 

Spirantlies gracilis. Bigel. Naked 

Frequent. Uplands among bushes. A plant of Spiranthes - 
solitary habit. 

S. cernua. Richard. Ladies' 

Abundant. Cool meadows among the grass, resses - 
which it much resembles in its leaves. 

Ooodyera repens. R. Br. Pa i e Ratt ie- 

Frequent. Pine woods. Distinguished from the snake plant ain. 
next by the white veins being duller, and the leaves 
more pointed. 



AMARYLLIDS.] 



82 



[AMARYLLIS F. 



Rattlesnake 
Plantain. 



Low Ladies' 
Slipper, 
American 
Valerian. 



Gt. pubescens. R. Br. 

Frequent. Pine woods. 



Generally in patches. 



Cypripedium acaule. Ait. 

Abundant. Pine woods for the most part, but to 
be found on many of the hills. 



Yellow Star-of- 
Bethlehem. 



AMARYLLIDS. 

(Amaryllis Family.) 

Hypoxis erecta. L. 

Abundant. Rich uplands and shady borders of 
woods. 



Large Blue 
Flag. 



Slender Blue 
Flag. 



Blue-eyed 
Grass. 



IRIDS. 

(Blue-Flag Family.) 

Iris versicolor. L. 

Abundant. In all wet lands. Well known. 

I. Virginica. L. 

Frequent. Wet meadows and borders of streams. 

Sisyrinchium Bermudiaiia. L. 

Common. Rather partial to wet spots, but 
thrives anywhere in good soil. 



SARSIDS. 



Green Brier, 
Bull Brier. 



Carrion Flower. 



Nodding 
Trillium. 



(Greenbreer Family.) 

Smilax rotundifolia. L. 

Common. Forms the most intricate of all thickets, 
and gets the hearty execration of all who have to 
pass through its meshes. 

S. lierbacea. L. 

Frequent. Shady banks and meadow borders. 
The common name cannot be matched for expres- 
siveness. 

Trillium cerimum. L. 

Rare. Good plants along Shute's Brook, at rail- 
road station, Saugus Centre. 



LILIDS.] 83 [LILY F. 

T. erectum. L. Birthroot. 

Also Var. album, have been found by Jno. Sears 
in a swamp between Danvers and Wenham. The 
former common there. — Russell. 

Medeola Virginica. L. R l S mber 

Frequent. Moist, shady thickets. 

L.ILIDS. 

(Lily Family.) 
Polygonatum pubescens. Pursh. Small 

,-, , 17 , , . r , , . i ., Solomon's Seal. 

Frequent. Warm, rocky slopes m lignt, rich soil. 

Smilacina racemosa. Desf. False Spikenard 

Frequent. Stony woods in warm exposures. 

S. Stellata. Desf. Star-flowered 

Rare. Banks of Stacey's Brook, Swampscott. — 

Dr. Holder. 

It proves to be plentiful on a hillock at Willis' 

Neck. 

S. bifolia. Ker. Two-leaved 

/- iiT j JLI..C1J u Solomon's Seal. 

Common. Woods and bushy fields everywhere. 

Clintonia borealis, the Northern Clintonia, 
is at Pleasant Pond, Wenham. — Proc. Ess. Inst., 
1856. And I found it at the Magnolia Swamp, 
Gloucester, in 1861. 

Ornithog'alum umbellatum. L. White star-of- 

Rare. Occasionally found in Glenmere, in wet Bethlehem - 
situations. 

Allium Canadense. Kahn. Wild Meadow 

Occasional. Both the eastern and western parts 
of the city afford specimens. 

Liilium Philadelphicum. L. Red Lily. 

Frequent. Berry pastures among the bushes. 
Hard to find till it flowers. 

L.. Canadense. L.* Yellow Lily. 

Occasional. Not as common as the last. 



* A resplendent thing in cultivation. Several of my friends 
have had it attain a height of six feet, with a dozen or so of 
flowers open at once. 



MELANTHIDS.] 



84 



[INDIAN POKE F. 



Dog-tooth 
Violet. 



Erytlironium Americanum. Smith. 

Occasional. Confined almost exclusively to the 
eastern section. 



Clasping Bell- 
wort. 



Common 
Bellwort. 



White Helle- 
bore, 
Indian Poke. 



MELANTHIDS. 

(Indian Poke Family.) 

Uvularia perfoliata. 

Very rare. Formerly at Hathorne's Hill, but ex- 
tirpated there. I find it even more thrifty in the 
Blueberry Pasture. 

U. sessilifolia. L. 

Abundant. Shady, open woods, often covering 
large areas. 

Veratrum viride. Ait. 

Occasional. Upper Swampscott. Neighborhood 
of Birch Pond. 



Bulrush. 



White-seeded 
Rush. 



Black-grass. 



JUNCALIDS. 

(Rush Family.) 

Juncus effusus. L. 

Common. Bogs and meadows everywhere. 

J. paradoxus. E. Meyer. (?) 
Abundant. Bogs and swampy meadows. 

J. Gerardi. Loisel. 

Abundant. Forms patches o% the lightest part 
of the marshes. 



Pickerel-weed. 



PONTEDERIDS. 

(Pickerel-Weed Family.) 

Pontederia cordata. L. 

Abundant. Brooks and ponds, sometimes form- 
ing large clumps. 



XYRIDS.] 85 [YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. 

XYRIDS. 

(Yellow-Eyed Grass Family.) 

Xyris Caroliniana. Walt. Yellow-eyed 

Occasional. Rills in Rock's Pasture, and bogs rass * 
along Stony Brook. 

ERIOCAUL.IDS. 

(Pipewort Family.) 

Eriocaulon septangulare. Wither. Small Pipewort. 

Frequent. Borders of ponds, growing in the 
edge of the water, or where it has recently dried 
away. 






INDEX OF GENERA 



Abies 77 

Abutilon 29 

Acalypha 73 

Acer 32 

Achillea 52 

Acorus 79 

Actaea 23 

^thusa 42 

Agrimonia ......... 36 

Alisima 80 

Allium 83 

Alnus 76 

Amaranthus 70 

Ambrina 69 

Ambrosia 50 

Amelanchier 38 

Ammannia 38 

Ampelopsis 32 

Amphicarpaea .33 

Anagallis 60 

Andromeda 57 

Anemone 21 

Antennaria 52 ' 

Aphyllon 61 

Apios 33 

Apocynum 67 

Aquilegia 23 

Aralia 43 

Archangelica 42 

Arctostaphylos 56 

Arenaria 28 

Arethusa 81 

Artimisia 52 

Arum 78 

Asclepias 68 



Aster 47 

Atriplex 69 

Azalia 57 

Baptisia 35 

Barbarea 25 

Benzoin 72 

Berberis 23 

Betula 75 

Bidens 51 

Bochmeria 73 

Brasenia 23 

Cakile 25 

Calla 78 

Callitriche 72 

Calapogon 81 

Caltha 22 

Calystegia 66 

Campanula 55 

Cannabis 73 

Capsella 25 

Cardamine 25 

Carpinus ' • • 75 

Carum 43 

Carya 74 

Castanea 75 

Castillua 63 

Ceanothus 32 

Celastrus 32 

Celtis j^ 

Centauria 53 

Cephalanthus 46 

Cerastium 28 

Chelidonium 24 



Chelone 61 

Chenopodium 69 

Chimaphila 58 

Chrysosplenium 41 

Cichorium 53 

Cicuta 42 

Circaea 39 

Cirsium 53 

Clematis 21 

Clethra 57 

Clintonia 83 

Comandra 72 

Comium 43 

Comptonia 75 

Coptis 23 

Convolvulus 66 

Corallorhiza 80 

Coreopsis 51 

Cornus 43 

Corydalis 24 

Corylus 75 

Crantzia 42 

Crataegus 38 

Cupressus 78 

Cuscuta 66 

Cynoglossum 66 

Cypripedium 82 

Datura 66 

Daphne 72 

Daucus 42 

Desmodium 34 

Dianthus 28 

Diervilla 45 

Diplopappus 49 

Draba 25 

Drosera 27 

Echenospermum 66 

Echium 65 i 

Elatine 27 

Elodea 27 

Epigaea 56 

Epilobium 39 

Epiphegus 61 

Erechthites 52 

Erigeron 48 

Eriocaulon 85 

Erythronium 84 



Euphorbia 72 

Eupatorium 46 

Fagopyrum 71 

Fagus 75 

Fragaria 37 

Fraxinus 68 

Fumaria 24 

Galeopsis 65 

Galium 45 

Gaultheria 57 

Gaylussacia 56 

Genista 35 

Gentiana 67 

Geranium 30 

Gerardia 62 

Geum 36 

Gnaphalium 52 

Goodyera 81 

Gratiola 62 

Gymnadenia 80 

Hamamelis 41 

Hedeoma 64 

Helianthemum 26 

Helianthus 51 

Hepatica 21 

Heracleum 42 

Hieracium 54 

Honkenya 28 

Hottonia 60 

Houstonia 46 

Hudsonia 26 

Hydrocotyle 41 

Hyoscyamus 66 

Hypericum 27 

Hypopitys 59 

Hypoxis 82 

Ilex 59 

Ilysanthes 62 

Impatiens 30 

Inula 50 

Iris 82 

Iva 50 

Juncus 84 

Juniperus 78 



89 



Kalmia 58 

Krigia 53 

Lactuca 54 

Lamium 65 

Lappa j3 

Lapsana 53 

Larix 77 

Lathyrus 33 

Lechea 26 

Leontadon 54 

Leonurus 65 

Lepidium 25 

Lespedeza 34 

Leucanthemum 52 

Liatris 46 

Ligusticum 42 

Ligustrum 68 

Lilium 83 

Limnanthemum 67 

Linaria 61 

Linnea 44 

Linum 30 

Liparis 80 

Lobelia 55 

Lonicera 44 

Ludwigia 39 

Lupinus 33 

Lychnis 28 

Lycopus 64 

Lysimachia 60 

Lythrum 38 

Magnolia 23 

Malva 30 

Maruta 51 

Medeola 83 

Medicago 35 

Melampyrum 63 

Melilotus 35 

Mentha 63 

Menyanthes 67 

Mikania '. . 47 

Mimulus 62 

Mitchella 46 

Mollugo 29 

Monarda 64 

Moneses 58 



Monotropa 59 

Mulgedium 54 

Myrica 75 

Myriophyllum 40 

Myosotis 65 

Nabalus 54 

Nasturtium 24 

Naumbargia 60 

Nemopanthes 59 

Nepeta 64 

Nesaea 39 

Nicandra . 66 

Nuphar 24 

Nymphaea 23 

Nyssa 44 

CEnothera 39 

Onopordon 53 

Opuntia 40 

Ornithogalum 83 

Osmorrhiza 43 

Ostrya 75 

Oxalis 31 

Panax 43 

Parnassia 27 

Pastinaca 42 

Pedicularis 63 

Peltandra 78 

Penthorum 40 

Phryma 63 

Phytolacca 70 

Pilea 73 

Pinus 77 

Plantago 59 

Platanthera 81 

Platanus 74 

Pluchea 50 

Pogonia 81 

Polygala 33 

Polygon atum 8^ 

Polygonum 70 

Pontederia 84 

Populus yy 

Portulaca 29 

Potamogeton 79 

Potentilla 36 

Prinos 59 



12 



90 



Proserpinaca 40 

Prunella 64 

Prunus 15 

Pvcnanthemum 64 

Pyrola 5I 

Pyrus -■'- 

Quercus 

Raphamis 25 

Ranunculus 22 

Rhexia 3 5 

Rhodora 57 

Rhus 51 

Ribes 41 

Robinia 34 

Rosa 57 

Rubus 3- 

Rudbe^ckia jz 

Rumex - : 

Sagina 29 

Sagittaria Be 

Saacornia 69 

Salix -f 

Salsola 69 

Sambucus 45 

Sanguinaria 24 

Sanguisorba 44 

Sanicula 42 

Saponaria 28 

Sarracenia 24 

Sassafras -: 

Saxifraga 41 

Scleranthus 23 

Scrophularia 61 

Scutellaria :_ 

Sedum 4^ 

Sempervivum 40 

Senecio 53 

Sericocarpus 47 

Silene 28 

Sinapis 25 

Sisymbrium 25 

Sisyrinchium 82 

Sium 42 

Smilacina S; 

Smilax 

Solanum 67 



Sclidago 
Sonchus 
Spsrganiiim 
Specularia 

Spergula . 
Spergularia 
Spiraea . 
Spiranthes 
5:3.:r.Ts . 
Static'e . 
SteUaria . 
Suaeda 
Syniplocarpus 

Tanacetum 
Tiri-:i:urj. 
Teucrium 
Thalictrum 

Thymus - 
Tiarella . 
Tilea . . 
Trichostema 

Trientalis 
Trifolium 
Triglochin 
Trillium . 
Triosteum 
Turritis - 
Typha . . 

Ulmus . . 
Urtica . . 

Utricularia 
Uvularia . 

Yaccinium 
Yeratrum 
Verbascum 
Yerbena . 
Veronica 
Yiburnum 
1 . . 
Vifis . • 

Xanthium 
Xyris . . 

Zostera . 



INDEX OF COMMON NAMES. 



Aaron's Rod 40 

Agrimony 36 

Alder, Black 59 

Common 76 

Speckled 76 

White 57 

Amaranth 70 

Mongrel 70 

American Valerian 82 

Andromeda, Privet 57 

Rosemary 00 

Rusty-leaved 57 

Anemone, Common . . . .21 

Rue 21 

Tall 21 

Angelica, Lesser 42 

Apple of Peru 66 

Arethusa 81 

Adder's Tongue ... 81 
Arrow-grass, Marsh . . .80 

Arrow-head 80 

Arrow- wood 45 

Maple-leaved .... 45 
Artichoke, Jerusalem . . . .51 

Arum, Arrow 78 

Water 78 

Ash, Black 68 

Mountain 38 

White 68 

Aspen, American 77 

Aster, Annual Salt Marsh . 48 

Bushy 47 

Corymbed 47 

Heart-leaved 47 

Mean . 48 



Aster, Narrow-leaved ... 47 
New England .... 48 
Pointed-leaved .... 48 
Rough-stemmed ... 48 

Spreading 47 

Smooth Blue 47 

Variable 47 

White-topped .... 47 
Willow-leaved .... 48 

Avens, Purple 36 

Tall Yellow 36 

White 36 

Balmony 61 

Barberry 23 

Basil, Wild 64 

Basswood 30 

Bayberry 75 

Beach Pea 33 

Plum 35 

Bean, Wild 71 

Bedstraw, Sweet 45 

Small 45 

Beech 75 

Beech Drops 61 

False 59 

Beggar's Lice 66 

Beggar-ticks 51 

Swamp 51 

Bell-flower, Slender . . . .55 
Bellwort, Clasping 84 

Common 84 

Bergamot, Wild 64 

Bindweed 66 

Black 71 



Bindweed, Hedge 66 

Birch, Black 76 

Canoe ....... 75 

Cherry 76 

Paper 75 

Red 76 

River 76 

White 75 

Yellow 76 

Birthroot 83 

Bitter-sweet 32 

Black-grass 84 

Blackberry, High 37 

Low 37 

Swamp • .37 

Black Larch 77 

Bladder Campion 28 

Bladderwort, Common . . .61 

Creeping 61 

Horned 61 

Inflated 60 

Purple 60 

Blazing Star 46 

Bloodroot 24 

Blueberry. Black 56 

High Bush 56 

Low 56 

Blue Curls 65 

Blue-eyed Grass 82 

Blue Flag. Large 82 

Slender 82 

Bluets 46 

Blue Weed 6s 

Boneset Broad-leaved ... 46 

Smooth 46 

Verbena-leaved ... 46 

Bouncing Bet 28 

Boxberry 46 

Buckbean 67 

Buckwheat 71 

Climbing False ... 71 

Bullbrier 82 

Bulrush 8+ 

Burnet, Canada 44 

Burdock 53 

Burdock, Sea 50 

Burr Marigold, Nodding . . 51 
Burr Reed 79 



Burr Reed, Smaller 79 

Bush Clover 34 

Hairy 34 

Butter and Eggs 61 

Buttercups 22 

Buttonbush 46 

Buttonwood 74 

Cancer-root 61 

One-flowered 61 

Caraway 43 

Cardinal Flower 55 

Carpet Weed 29 

Carrion Flower 82 

Carrot 42 

Catchfly 28 

Catnip 64 

Cat's Paw 52 

Cat-tail 79 

Cedar, Red 78 

White 78 

Celandine 24 

Charlock 25 

Checkerberry 57 

Cheesevine 30 

Cherry. Black 36 

'Choke 35 

Wild Red 35 

Chestnut 75 

Chickweed 28 

Field 29 

Mouse-ear 28 

Chicory 53 

Chokeberry 2^ 

Cinquefoil. Crowded .... 36 

Mountain 37 

Norway 36 

Shrubby 27 

Silvery ^ 

Clearweed 73 

Cleavers, Rough 45 

Clintonia, Northern . . . . 8t, 

Clover, Hop 35 

Low Hop 35 

Pussy 34 

Rabbit-foot 34 

Red 34 

Sweet 35 



93 



Clover, White 34 ' 

Wooly-stemmed ... 34 

ZigZag -34 

Cockle-burr 50 

Cohosh, White 23 

Columbine 23 

Cone-flower 51 

Coral -root, Large 80 

Late 80 

Corn Cockle 28 

Cornel, Alternate-leaved . . 44 

Dwarf 44 

Panicled 43 

Red Osier 43 

Round-leaved .... 43 

Corn Spurry 29 

Corydalis, Pale 24 

Cowberry 56 

Cow-lily 24 

Cow-parsnip 42 

Cowslip 22 

Cow Wheat 63 

Crackers 28 

Cranberry 56 

Mountain 56 

Cranesbill 30 

Carolina 30 

Cranzia 42 

Creeper 32 

Cress, Bitter 25 

Marsh 25 

True Water 24 

Winter 25 

Crowfoot, Bulbous 22 

Celery-leaved .... 22 

Creeping 22 

Cursed 22 

Early 22 

Meadow 22 

Seaside 22 

Small-flowered . . . .22 

Tall 22 

Water 22 

Yellow Water .... 22 

Cuckold-weed 51 

Cucumber-root 83 

Cudweed, Low 52 

Cymbidium 81 



Dandelion 54 

Dwarf 53 

False 54 

Horse 54 

Dangleberry 56 

Desmodium 34 

Diplopappus, Cornel-leaved . 49 

Large 49 

Violet 49 

Dock, Bitter 71 

Curled 71 

White 71 

Willow-leaved . . . .71 

Yellow 71 

Dodder, Common 66 

Flax 66 

Dogberry 38 

Dogsbane 67 

Dogwood 31 

Flowering 43 

Dutch Myrtle 75 

Dyers' Weed 35 

Eel-grass 79 

Elder • . . 45 

Poison 31 

Red-berried 45 

Elecampane 50 

Elm, American 73 

Epilobium- 39 

Evening Primrose 39 

Dwarf 39 

Everlasting, Pearly 52 

Plantain-leaved ... 52 
Sweet-scented .... 52 
Winged 52 

False Spikenard 8^ 

Featherfoil, Inflated .... 60 
Fern, Meadow 75 

Sweet 75 

Fever-bush 72 

Feverwort 45 

Figwort 61 

Fireweed 52 

Five-finger 36 

Flag, Large Blue 82 

Slender Blue 82 



94 



Flag, Sweet 79 

Fleabane 48 

Daisy 48 

Narrow-leaved .... 49 

Purple 48 

Salt Marsh 50 

Floating Heart 67 

Fly-trap 67 

Forefather's Cup 24 

Forget-me-not 65 

Frostweed 26 

Fumitory, Common .... 24 

Garget 70 

Garlic, Wild Meadow ... 83 

Gentian, Closed 67 

Fringed 67 

Gerardia, Bushy 63 

Downy 63 

Purple 62 

Seaside . 62 

Slender 63 

Germander . 65 

Gill-over-ground 64 

Ginseng, Dwarf 43 

Golden-rod, Blue-stemmed . 49 

Bushy 50 

Common 3-ribbed . . 50 

Gray 50 

Late 3-ribbed .... 50 
Many-flowered .... 49 
Rough or Tall . . . . 50 

Seaside 49 

Slender 49 

Smooth 49 

Sweet 50 

White-rayed 49 

Willow-leaved .... 49 

Goldthread 23 

Gooseberry, Short-stalked . 41 

Goosefoot, Salt 69 

Maple-leaved 69 

Oak-leaved 69 

Triangular-leaved . . 69 

Goosetongue 52 

Grape, Common Wild .... 31 

Frost 32 

Summer 32 



Grass-of Parnassus 27 

Greenbrier 82 

Ground Ivy 64 

Groundnut 33 

Groundsel, Common . . . .53 

Hackberry 73 

Hacmatac 77 

Hardhack 36 

Harebell 55 

Hawkweed, Canada . . . . 54 

Rough 54 

Hazelnut 75 

Beaked 75 

Hearts' Ease 70 

Hedge Hyssop 62 

Golden 62 

Hedge. Nettle, Marsh .... 65 

Hellebore, White 84 

Hemlock 77 

Bulb-bearing Water . 42 
Hemp -jt, 

Indian 46 

Hemp weed, Climbing ... 47 

Henbane, Black 66 

Henbit 65 

Hepatica, Blue 21 

Herb Robert 30 

Hickory .74 

High Water Shrub 50 

Hoarhound. Water 64 

Hog Peanut 33 

Holly, Mountain 59 

Honeysuckle 34 

Bush 45 

Trumpet 44 

White 57 

Hop Hornbeam 75 

Hornbeam, American . . . 75 

Horse Radish 25 

Horse Savin 78 

Horse Weed 48 

Houseleek 40 

Huckleberry 56 

Blue , 56 

Hudsonia 26 

Huntsman's Cup 24 



95 



Indian Pipe 59 

Tobacco 55 

Turnip 78 

Inkberry 59 

Innocence 46 

Ivy, Ground 64 

Poison 31 

Jamestown-Weed 66 

Jersey Tea 32 

Jewel-weed 30 

Jointweed 71 

June-berry 38 

Juniper . . 78 

Knapweed $3 

Knawel 29 

Knotgrass 70 

Slender 71 

Ladies' Slipper, Low .... 82 

Thumb -70 

Tresses 81 

Lambkill 58 

Larch, Black 77 

Laurel, Mountain 58 

Pale 58 

Sheep 58 

Lepidium 25 

Lettuce, Canker 58 

Tall White 54 

Wild 54 

Leverwood 75 

Licorice 46 

Lily, R"ed 83 

Yellow .83 

Linden, American 30 

Linnea 44 

Live-forever 40 

Lobelia 55 

Pale Spiked 55 

Water 55 

Locust, Common 34 

Loosestrife, Four-leaved . . 60 
Lance-leaved .... 60 

Low 38 

Swamp 39 

Tufted 60 



Loosestrife, Upright .... 60 

Lopseed 63 

Lousewort 63 

Yellow 63 

Lovage, Scotch 42 

Lupine 33 

Mallows, Low 30 

Maple, Striped 32 

Sugar 32 

Swamp 32 

Marigold, Water 51 

Marsh Rosemary ..... 59 

Vetchling 33 

Mayblob 22 

Mayflower 56 

Mayweed . . 51 

Meadow Beauty 38 

Fern 75 

Pea 33 

Rue, Early 21 

Rue, Large 22 

Meadow-sweet .36 

Melilot, White 35 

Mercury 31 

Three-seeded . . . . 73 

Mermaidweed 40 

Mezereum 72 

Milkweed, Common .... 68 

Four-leaved 68 

Poke 68 

Swamp 68 

Whorled 68 

Milkwort, Cross-leaved . . .33 
Double-fruited . . . . 33 

Red 33 

Whorled 33 

Mint, Meadow 64 

Mountain 64 

Mitrewort, False 41 

Monkey-flower 62 

Moss, Golden 40 

Motherwort 65 

Mountain Ash 38 

Mountain Holly 59 

Mouse-ear 52 

Mousemead 41 

Mugwort 52 



90 



Mugwort, Shore 52 

Mulgedium 54 

Mullein 61 

Musquash Root 42 

Mustard, Black 25 

Hedge 25 

Myrtle, Dutch 75 

Neckweed 62 

Nettle, Common 73 

Common Hemp ... 65 

Dead 65 

False 73 

Small 73 

Stingless 73 

Nightshade, Common . . . 67 

Enchanter's 39 

Small Enchanter's . . 39 

Woody 67 

Nipplewort 53 

Noble Liverwort 21 

Nodding Trilliam 82 

Nonesuch 35 

Oak, Black 74 

Chinquapin 74 

Poison 31 

Quercitron 74 

Scarlet 74 

Scrub 74 

Swamp Chestnut ... 74 
Swamp White .... 74 
White 74 

Orache, Spreading 69 

Orchis, Large Purple Fringed 81 

Pale Green 80 

Ragged 81 

Round-leaved . . . .81 
Small Purple Fringed 81 
White Fringed .... 81 
Yellowish 81 

Ox-eye Daisy 52 

Painted Cup 63 

Parsley, Fool's 42 

Parsnip 42 

Cow 42 

Meadow 42 



Parsnip, Water 42 

Partridge-berry 57 

Pea, Beach 33 

Pear, Prickly 40 

Pearlwort 29 

Pennyroyal 64 

False 65 

Pennywort 41 

Round-leaved .... 42 

Pepperidge 44 

Peppermint 64 

Persicaria, Tall 70 

Water 70 

Pettimorril 43 

Pickerel-weed 84 

Pignut 74 

Pigweed 69 

Pimpernel 60 

False 62 

Pine, Pitch 77 

White 77 

Pine-sap 59 

Pineweed 27 

Pink, Deptford 28 

Swamp 57 

Wild 28 

Wooly 28 

Pinweed, Large 26 

Small 26 

Pipewort, Small 85 

Plantain 59 

Narrow 59 

Pale Rattlesnake . . . 81 

Rattlesnake 82 

Robin's 48 

Seaside 59 

Water 80 

Poke 70 

Indian 84 

Pond Lily 23 

Pondweed, Clasping .... 80 

Floating 79 

Narrow-leaved .... 80 

Short-spiked 79 

Slender 79 

Thin-leaved 79 

Poplar, Tooth-leaved .... 77 
Prim 68 



97 



Prince's Pine 58 

Privet 68 

Purslane 29 

Milk 73 

Water 39 

Pyrola, Broad-leaved .... 58 

One-flowered 58 

One-sided 58 

Round-leaved . . . .58 

Small 58 

Thin-leaved 58 

Queen Anne 73 

Queen-of-the-Meadow ... 46 

Ragwort, Golden 53 

Raspberry, Red 37 

Flowering 37 

Rattlesnake Plaintain ... 82 

Root 54 

Weed 54 

Red Thorn 38 

Rhodora 57 

Rock-rose 26 

Roman Wormwood . . . .50 

Rose, Low Wild 37 

Rudbeckia, Cut-leaved ... 50 
Rush, White-seeded .... 84 

Salt Goosefoot 69 

Saltwort 69 

Samphire 69 

Sandwort 29 

Sea 28 

Side-flowering .... 28 
Thyme-leaved . . . . 28 

Sanicle 42 

Sarsaparilla, Bristly .... 43 

Wild 43 

Sassafras 71 

Saxifrage, Early 41 

Golden 41 

Swamp 41 

Scabish 39 

Scoke 70 

Scorpion-grass 65 

Scratch-grass 71 

Larger 71 



Scullcap 64 

Side-flowering .... 56 

Sea Rocket 25 

Seed-box 39 

Self-heal 64 

Senecio, Golden 53 

Shad-bush .38 

Shepherd's Purse 25 

Side-saddle Flower 24 

Silver-weed 39 

Skunk Cabbage 79 

Smartweed 70 

Snake-head 61 

Snapdragon, Canada . . . .61 

Sneezewort 52 

Soapwort 28 

Solomon's Seal, Small ... 83 

Star-flowered 83 

Two-leaved 83 

Sorrel, Common 71 

Ladies' 31 

Yellow Wood .... 31 
Sow Thistle, Common ... 54 

Prickly 54 

Sparganium 79 

Spearmint 63 

Spearwort, Creeping .... 22 
Specularia, Clasping . . . . 55 
Speedwell, Common .... 62 

Corn 62 

Marsh 62 

Thyme-leaved . . . . 62 

Water 62 

Spice Wood 72 

Spikenard ......... 43 

False 83 

Spiranthes, Naked 81 

Spreading Orache 69 

Spurge, Leafy y^ 

Seaside 73 

Spotted 73 

Sun 72 

Staff Tree • 32 

Star-flower 60 

Star-of-Bethlehem, White . . 83 

Yellow • • 82 

Starwort, Narrow-leaved . . 72 
Water 72 

13 



Stickseed 66 

Stitch wort, Northern .... 28 

St. John's-wort 27 

Canadian 27 

Marsh 27 

Small 27 

Stonecrop, Ditch 40 

Mossy 40 

Strawberry 37 

Long-fruited 37 

Succory, Wild 53 

Sumach, Dwarf 31 

Poison 31 

Smooth 31 

Staghorn 31 

Sundew, Long-leaved .... 27 
Round-leaved . . . .27 

Sunflower, Cross- Leaved . .51 

Pale-leaved 51 

Tickseed 51 

Sweet Bay 23 

Brier 38 

Cicely, Hairy .... 43 

Fern 75 

Flag 79 

Gale 75 

Pepperbush 57 

William 28 

Tansy 52 

Tear-thumb 71 

Thimbleberry 37 

Thistle, Canada 53 

Common 53 

Cotton 53 

Pasture 53 

Thistle, Two-colored . . . . 53 

Thorn-Apple 66 

Thorn, Red 38 

Thoroughwort 46 

Thyme, Garden 64 

Tick Trefoil 34 

Tick, Naked-flowered ... 34 

Toad-flax 61 

False 72 

Touch-me-not 30 

Tower Mustard, Smooth . . 44 
Trailing Arbutus 56 



Traveller's Joy 21 

Trumpet Honeysuckle ... 44 

Weed 46 

Tupelo 44 

Turnip, Indian 78 

Wild 25 

Twayblade 80 

Twin-flower 44 

Valerian, American .... 82 

Velvet-leaf 29 

Vervain, Blue 6^ 

Nettle-leaved .... 63 

Viburnam, Sweet 45 

Violet, Arrow-leaved .... 26 

Bird-foot 26 

Dog-tooth 84 

Downy yellow .... 26 

Hooded 26 

Horse 26 

Lance-leaved .... 26 

Spreading 26 

Sweet, White . . . . 26 
Virgin's Bower 21 

Water Milfoil, Variable . . 40 

Lily, Yellow 24 

Pepper, Mild 70 

Shield 2T, 

Water-wort 27 

Wax-work 32 

White Alder 57 

Whiteblow 27 

Whiteweed 52 

Whitlow-grass, Common . . 44 

Wild Bean 71 

Cotton 29 

Flax 30 

Geranium 30 

Indigo 35 

Peppergrass 25 

Pink 28 

Radish 25 

Turnip 25 

Willow-herb, Great • • . . . 39 
Purple-veined .... 39 

Willow, Hoary 76 

Low Bush 76 



Willow, Pussy 76 

Swamp 76 

Yellow 77 

Wintergreen, Spotted . . . . 58 

Witch Hazel 41 

Withe-rod 45 

Wood Betony .63 



Woodbine 32 

Wood Sage 65 

Wood Waxen 35 

Wormseed 69 

Yarrow 52 

Yellow-eyed Grass 85 



Ji 






F*SW~ 



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. *.. . 



